E. 두셀의 초근대성과 해방철학의 의미 소고
A Study on the Meaning of Dussel’s Transmodernity and Liberation Philosophy
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엔리께 두셀의 철학은 ‘초근대성(transmodernity)’ 개념으로 축약이 가능하다. 초근대성의 의미는 i) 근대성의 극복 또는 초월, ii) 비유럽적 관점에서 유럽중심적 근대성에 대한 재고, iii) 이분법적·배타적 논리의 극복, 이를 통한 탈식민적 인식의 전환, iv) 세계적/초대륙적 철학의 구상, v) 철학을 넘어서는 철학으로서 해방철학(Liberation Philosophy), 바로 이 5가지로 간추릴 수 있다. 이 5가지 함의만으로도 우리는 두셀 철학의 지향과 목표를 충분히 짐작하고도 남음이 있을 것이다. 그의 초근대성 개념은 기본적으로 근현대를 통해 유럽이 생산·전파한 근대성과 포스트-근대성의 담론을 비판적으로 검토하면서 철학의 새로운 지형을 그리는 데 있다. 그가 그리는 새로운 철학의 지형 속에는 근대성의 타자, 식민성의 외재성, 지배층의 이타성인 민중이 포함된다. 이 과정에서 그는 근대성의 발현체인 유럽중심주의를 비판하며, 유럽중심주의를 소거(消去)하는 데 실패한 포스트-근대성 또한 극복의 대상으로 삼는다. 이렇게 근대성과 포스트-근대성 양자를 모두 비판하면서 동시에 아우르는 것이 두셀의 초근대성의 철학이자 인식론이다. 두셀에게 초근대성은 ‘지구촌적 요구’를 모두 담아내 문자 그대로 ‘세계적인 철학(global/world philosophy)’을 수립하는 데 있다. 이렇듯 그의 해방철학은 유럽의 철학과는 ‘다른 길’, ‘다른 대안’을 제시하면서 마침내 비유럽적 관점, 즉 제3세계적 관점, 이타성의 관점을 철학의 본류에 포함시키고자 한다. 한국철학계에는 다소 생소하게 비칠 수 있는 두셀의 탈서구-탈유럽-탈식민 철학을 소개하면서 ‘한국철학’의 미래를 설계하는데 반면교사로 삼고자 하는 이유가 여기에 있다.
Abstract
Enrique Dussel’s philosophy can be summarized as “transmodernity.” The meaning of transmodernity can be summarized as five concepts: i) overcoming or transcending modernity; ii) overcoming European-centered modernity from a non-European perspective; iii) overcoming dichotomous and exclusive logic and the conversion of decolonial perception through it; iv) global/transcontinental philosophy; and v) the liberation philosophy as a movement beyond Western (traditional) philosophy. With these five concepts alone, I can fully guess the direction and goal of Dusselian philosophy. His concept of transmodernity seeks basically to draw a new landscape of philosophy, critically reviewing the discourses of modernity and post-modernity produced and propagated by Europe. The new topography of his philosophy includes the Other of modernity, the Exteriority of colonialism, and the “pueblo(people)”, which corresponds to the alterity of the dominant class. Through this process of redrawing of transmodernity, he criticizes Eurocentrism as a manifestation of modernity and uses post-modernity, which has failed to eliminate Eurocentrism, as the means of surpass. It is the philosophy and epistemology of Dussel’t is the philosophy and epistemology of Dusselliminate Eurocentrismpost-modernity at the same time. For Dussel, transmodernity means the creation of a global/world philosophy through the capture of all the “planetary claims.” Thus, his liberation philosophy offers a “different path” and “different alternative” to European philosophy and incorporates a non-European perspective, a third-world perspective, and an altruistic perspective into mainstream philosophy.
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