반(反)서구중심주의에서 원리주의까지 - 아리아 사마즈의 힌두 민족주의적 문화운동을 중심으로 본 인도 종교 커뮤널리즘의 기원
Rethinking Origin of Religious Communalism in India ― Hindu Nationalist cultural movements of Ārya Samāj in the late 19th and the early 20th centuries
0
조회
0
다운로드
8
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
본 연구는 19세기 말부터 20세기 초반 북인도 지방에서 힌두교와이슬람, 두 가지의 종교적 민족주의가 상충하는 과정에서 양자의 문화적 차이가 실질적으로 어떻게 개입했는지 추적하는 것을 목적으로한다. 특히 북인도 여러 지역에서 조직되어 대중적 영향력을 행사하였으며 그 중에서도 뻔잡에서 유력했던 아리아 사마즈를 중심으로 분석한다. 기존 연구에서 아리아 사마즈는 종교개혁 단체 중에서 민족주의적 성향을 강하게 드러내는 단체로 알려지기는 했으나, 원리주의보다는 ‘비판적 전통주의’에 입각하여 근대성과 인도의 전통을 조화시키려는 성향을 갖고 있다고 평가되었다. 그러나 아리아 사마즈의창시자인 다야난다 사라스와띠의 1870년대 저술에 나타난 이슬람, 기독교 등 여타 종교에 대한 평가와 비판은 이미 사마즈의 독선과배타성을 내포하고 있었다. 또한 이후의 과격파 아리아 사마즈 지도자들 역시 이슬람에 대한 수위 높은 비판과 타 종교에 대한 폄훼로대중들의 민감한 문화적․종교적 감성을 자극하였다. 19세기 말 아리아 사마즈의 대표적인 문화운동인 슛디 운동은 공격적 개종운동으로변질되었고, 암소 보호 운동 역시 결국은 이슬람을 타겟으로 하는 폭력사태를 야기하였다. 이는 아리아 사마즈의 문화운동에서 주도적이고 활발하게 활동했던 과격파 아리아 사마즈 지도자 레크 람의 암살로 이어지며 문화적 차이에서 기인한 힌두-무슬림의 갈등이 폭력적으로 증폭되는 과정을 보여준다. 19세기 후반에 일어났던 아리아 사마즈가 관련된 일련의 사건을추적해본 결과 커뮤널리즘의 역사는 그 정치화보다 훨씬 앞선 것으로생각된다. 종교적 커뮤널리즘은 영국 식민정부에 의해 정치적으로 이용되었던 것보다 이른 시기인 19세기 후반에 이미 조직화된 형태로 인도인들 사이에서 자발적으로 부상했고, 폭력적인 형태를 띠기 시작한 것도 20세기 이전이었다. 그 과정에서 반서구중심주의적 맥락에서시작되었던 개혁적 종교운동이 1000년의 역사 속에서 상당 부분 토착화되었던 이슬람을 또 다른 ‘외래문화’로 인식하고, 오히려 비서구종교를 향한 증오의 감정을 유포하는 종교적 원리주의로 변모하는 아이러니는 주목할 만한 현상이다.
Abstract
This research attempts to trace the role of cultural differences in the clashes between Hindu and Islam nationalisms in the late 19th and the early 20th centuries north India. We pay our attention to Ārya Samāj exerted influence to a certain extent in many regions of north India and to a great extent in Punjab. Ārya Samāj, a nationalist religious reform organization, has been estimated to pursue the harmonious mixture of modernity and tradition, which called ‘critical traditionalism’in the existing studies. The criticisms on Islam, Christianity, and other religions of Dayananda Saraswati, the founder of Ārya Samāj, involves the chauvinsim and religious communalism, however. Other radical leaders of the Ārya Samāj also instigated the cultural and religious sensitivity of the mass by their blunt ciriticisms and derogations against Islam and other religions. The Shuddhi movement, originally defensive reaction against forced conversion, changed its rudder to an aggressive conversion movement in the late 19th century, while the cow protection movement brought about brutal violence against the Muslims. These led to the assassination of Lekh Ram, a radical Ārya Samāj leader. All these show the process how the Hindu-Muslim conflicts caused from the cultural differences were intensified ultimately to the blind hatred and violece. Events of the late 19th century related with Ārya Samāj heralded the religious communalism arose earlier than the politicization of religious issues: It was also the late 19th century when the religious communalism arose spontaneously among Indian people in organized and violent form. It is a noticeable irony that a religious reform movement started from the anti-Eurocentric sentiments percieved localized Islam, not Christianity, as a ‘foreign culture’, and ultimately turned into religious fundamentalism.
참고문헌 (33)
- W. Chichele Plowden, "Report of the Census of British India, taken on the 17th February" (1883), Eyre and Spottiswoode
- W. Chichele Plowden, "The Indian Empire Census of 1991 Vol. Ⅱ Statistics of Population" (1883), Superintendent of Government Printing India
- Denzil, "Report on the Census of the Punjab taken on the 17th February 1881 vol. 1" (1883), Central Gaol Press
- Maclagan, E. D., "Census of India, 1891 vol. XXI The Punjab and its Feudatories" (1892), Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India
- Kaul, Pandit Harikishan, "Census of India vol. XIV Punjab Part. 1" (1912), Civil and Military Gazette Press
- Blunt, E. A. H., "Census of India 1911 vol. XV United Provinces of Agra and Oudh part 1 Report" (1912), Superintendent Government Printing, India
- Saraswati, Dayananda, "Durga Prasad, Satyarth Prakash, An English Translation of the Satyarth Prakash: Literally, Expose of Right Sense (of Vedic Religion) of Maharshi Swami Dayanand Saraswati, “The Luther of India”, Being a Guide to Vedic Hermeneutics, Jan Gyan Prakashan", ~ (1972)
- Saraswati, Dayananda, "Atha Gokarūnānidhi" (1881), Arya Sahitya Prachar Trust
- Saraswati, Dayananda, "The Autobiography of Dayanand Saraswati" (1976), Monohar
- Swami Shraddhananda, "Aryapathik Lekhram" (1982), Govindram Hasanand
- Rai, Lala Lajpat, "A History of the Arya Samaj—An Account of its Origin, Doctrines and Activities with a Biographical Sketch of the Founder" (1992), Mushiram Manoharlal
- "Vital Stats—Communal Violence of India" (2011)[URL]
- Ahmad, Aijaz, "Theory: Classes, Nations, Literatures" (1992), Oxford University Press
- Bhandhyopadhyay, Sekhar, "From Plassey to Partition and After—A History of Modern India" (2015), Orient BlackSwan
- Chandra, Bipan, "History of Modern India" (2009), Orient BlackSwan
- Farquhar, J. N., "Modern Religious Movements in India" (1998), Munshiram Manoharlal
- Hansen, Thomas Blom, "The Saffron Wave—Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India" (1999), Princeton University Press
- Heimsath, Charles H., "Indian Nationalism and Hindu Social Reform" (1964), Princeton University Press
- Jaffrelot, Christophe, "The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics 1925 to the 1990s—Strategies of Identity-Building, Implantation and Mobilisation" (1996), Viking
- Jones, Kenneth W., "Arya Dharm-Hindu Consciousness in 19th-Century Punjab" (1976), Manohar
- Jones, Kenneth W, "Socio-religious Reform Movements in British India" (1994), Cambridge University Press
- Jordens, J. T. F., "Swami Shraddhanand: His Life and Causes" (1981), Oxford University Press
- King, Christopher R., "One Language, Two Scripts—The Hindi Movement in Nineteenth Century North India" (1994), Oxford University Press
- Kuruvachira, J., "Roots of Hindutva-A Critical Study of Hindu Fundamentalism and Nationalism" (2005), Media House
- Lal, Vinay, "The History of History—Politics and Scholarship in Modern India" (2003), Oxford University Press
- Lodrick, Deryck O., "Sacred Cows, Sacred Places—Origins and Survivals of Animal Homes in India" (1981), University of California Press
- Pandey, Gyanendra, "The Construction of Communalism in Colonial North India" (1990), Oxford University Press
- Parekh, Bhikhu, "Colonialism, Tradition and Reform—An Analysis of Gandhi’s Political Discourse" (1999), Sage Publication
- Parekh, Bhikhu, "The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought" (2003), Cambridge University Press
- Seunarine, James F., "Reconversion to Hinduism through Śuddhi" (1977), The Christian Literature Society
- Smith, Brian K, "Classifying the Universe—The Ancient Varna System and the Origins of Caste" (1994), Oxford University Press
- Thursby, G. R., "Hindu-Muslim Relations in British India—A Study of Controversy, Conflict and Communal Movements in Northern India, 1923-1928" (1975), E. J. Brill
- Zavos, John, "The Emergence of Hindu Nationalism in India" (2000), Oxford University Press