이미지 비교와 분석에 의한 자비도량참법집해(慈悲道場懺法集解) 이본 조사: 청주 고인쇄박물관 소장 보물 목판본에 선행하는 금속활자본의 발견
A Study on A Newly Discovered Print of Jabidoryangchambeopjiphae (慈悲道場懺法集解) through Image Comparison and Analysis: Discovery of Metal-type Print Prior to Cheongju Early Printing Museum’s Woodblock Print
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청주 고인쇄박물관이 소장하는 목판본 자비도량참법집해(慈悲道場懺法集解)는 금속활자본을 번각한 목판의 인본(印本)으로 2010년 6월 28일 대한민국의 보물로 지정되었다. 목판본의 조판 형식, 글자의 모양 및 크기 등의 비교를 통하여 이 책의 저본(底本)이 된 금속활자본의 존재는 확인되지 않았지만 직지(直指)를 인쇄하는 데 사용된 ‘흥덕사자(興德寺字)’로 추정된다는 선행 연구가 있다. 이 책을 통해 고려 후기에 직지 외에 또 다른 금속활자본이 존재했다는 사실을 간접적으로나마 확인할 수 있는 귀중한 자료로 평가되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 공인박물관이 소장하던 판본의 소유권이 개인 소장자로 넘어가면서 청주 고인쇄박물관 소장 번각 목판본과의 면밀한 이미지 비교 및 분석을 통하여 새롭게 조사한 판본의 광곽이 번각 목판본에 비해서 길이 방향으로 2.1∼5.6% 긴 것으로 측정됨에 따라서 고려말에 금속활자로 인쇄된 금속활자본으로 판명되었다. 목판본의 광곽의 세로방향의 길이가 금속활자본에 비해서 짧아진 것은 목판을 판각할 때보다 목판인쇄를 실시할 당시에 목판의 건조로 인하여 목판이 세로방향으로 수축한 결과로 설명된다. 또한 이제까지 알려진 바와는 다르게 직지를 인쇄하는 데 사용되었다는 ‘흥덕사자’와는 다른 활자로 인쇄되었으며 활자의 완성도가 낮은 점과 천태종(天台宗) 승려 조구(祖丘, 1310년대 후반-1395)가 조선 태조 원년(1392)에 선교도총섭(禪敎都摠攝), 태조 3년(1394)에 국사(國師)로 책봉되었던 것으로 보아 인쇄 시기도 직지가 인쇄된 1377년보다 이른 것으로 판단된다. 고려시대 금속활자 인쇄술의 보급과 기술적 완성도를 높여가는 과정을 이해하는 데 매우 중요한 자료이다.
Abstract
The woodblock-printed book Jabidoryangchambeopjiphae (慈悲道場懺法集解), owned by the Cheongju Early Printing Museum, is a reprint of a metal-type book. It was designated as a Korean treasure on June 28, 2010. A comparison of the typesetting, shape, and size of the characters in the reprinted woodblock version revealed that the Heungdeoksa metal type (興德寺字)’ used for printing Jikji (直指) was also used for printing the metal-type version of this book. This book is considered a valuable resource that indirectly confirms the existence of other metal-type books, in addition to Jikji, during the late Goryeo Dynasty. In this study, a detailed analysis was conducted as the ownership of the newly discovered version was transferred from the Gongin museum to a private collector. Careful image comparison and analysis showed that the width of the newly investigated version was 2.1%–5.6% longer in the longitudinal direction than that of the recarved woodblock print in the Cheongju Early Printing Museum. Accordingly, the private collector’s version was determined to be a metal-type book printed during the late Goryeo Dynasty. The reduced length in the woodblock print compared to that in the original metal-type print is the result of the directional woodblock shrinkage, which occurred as the wood lost moisture over time from carving to printing. The printing date of the private collector’s version is judged to be earlier than 1377, the year Jikji was printed. The private collector’s version is crucial for understanding the propagation of metal-type printing, considering technological advances during the Goryeo Dynasty.
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