중국 북조(北朝) 고분벽화를 통해 본 진파리 1･4호분과 강서중･대묘의 양식적 특징

Abstract

The tradition of mural paintings of the Four Guardian Deities is known to have been established in the Chinese Han Dynasty and introduced to Goguryeo during the Northern Dynasties period. The tradition developed further in the Korean kingdom where the guardian deities were actively exploited as the central theme of the tomb murals, eventually resulting in the Goguryeo's own heritage. In China, no evidence has been found to show that the Four Guardian Deities were adopted as an independent subject of tomb murals. They seem to have largely been regarded as one of many auxiliary subjects, and often mixed with diverse scenes of genre paintings. As for the relationship between the tomb murals of the Four Guardian Deities in ancient Korea and China, scholars have tended to pay attention to the influence from the Souther Dynasties although some mentioned about the role of the Northern Dynasties. I focused on the latter in this study, and found that the Goguryeo mural paintings preserved in the Jinpari Tombs 1 and 4 and the Middle and Greater Gangseo Tombs had close relationship with those of the Norther Dynasties, Eastern Wei and Northern Qi in particular. While the Southern Dynasties left only bricks, and no murals, of the Four Guardian Deities, the Northern Dynasties made tombs whose burial chambers are ornamented with the images of the guardian deities arranged on the four cardinal directions though they appear as part of genre paintings. In the meantime, the Goguryeo's mural paintings of the guardians show influences not only from the images preferred in the Southern Dynasties but those in Northern Dynasties such as Eastern Wei, Northern Qi and Western Wei, which had been more widely accepted in Northeastern Asia. A closer look at the Goguryeo tomb murals shows that they are related more with the images developed in the Northern Dynasties after the mid 6th century than those of the Southern Dynasties formed in the 5th and 6th centuries. The origin of the tomb murals of the Four Guardian Deities in Goguryeo can date back to the Southern Dynasties Period, or even further, to the Han Dynasty, although a more plausible explanation will be the traditions accumulated from Han to the Southern and Northern Dynasties periods during which the Northern Dynasties established their own style. Therefore it would be safe to conclude that the Goguryeo tomb murals of the Four Guardian Deities were formed not under a direct influence from the Southern Dynasties alone but the style of the Southern Dynasties that developed into the Northern Dynasties style. A comparison between the mural paintings of the Four Guardian Deities and the Northern Dynasties provides us some important information about years in history. The paintings of Red Phoenix, for instance, suggest that the Goguryeo tombs were built after the 6th century, that is, after the Tomb of Shedihuiluo of Northern Qi which was built in 562. Finally, a comparison of the styles between Goguryeo tomb murals revealed that the Jinpari Tombs were built before the Greater Gangseo Tomb which appeared, in turn, before the Middle Gangseo Tomb.