하동 쌍계사 사천왕상 연구

Abstract

The Four Guardian Kings of Ssanggyesa Temple(雙溪寺) in Hadong, created in 1701, can be said to belong to the iconographic series of the stucco guardian kings of Hwaeomsa Temple(華嚴寺) in Gurye and Heungguksa Temple(興國寺) in Yeosu. However, while these statues are stucco statues, the Ssanggyesa statue is made of wood, and it is different in that it has an evil spirit at the feet of the guardian kings that is not seen in the Four Guardian Kings of Hwaeomsa Temple and Heungguksa Temple, and the Virupaksha King(西方廣目天) holds a traditional pagoda instead of the blue lion that is influenced by Tibet. Meanwhile, according to the scripture from the inside of them, the Four Heavenly Kings of Ssanggyesa Temple were confirmed to have been made by the monk sculptor Daneung(端應). This allows for comparison in many ways with the Four Heavenly Kings of Jikjisa(直指寺) Temple created by same sculptor Dan-eung in 1665. In particular, despite being created by the same sculptor, there are significant differences in the iconography, style, and forms of evil spirits. Of course, there is a long gap of about 35 years. Even taking this into account, it is difficult to find commonalities. Perhaps this phenomenon has led to the assumption that rather than the individual tendencies or intentions of the sculptors in creating the Four Heavenly Kings, the traditions and regulations of each temple where the Four Heavenly Kings were created had a greater influence. In particular, Hwaeomsa, Heungguksa, and Wanju Songgwangsa(松廣寺), which enshrine the Four Heavenly Kings that can be said to be of the same lineage as the Four Heavenly Kings of Ssanggyesa Temple, are all temples that were rebuilt under the leadership of Byeogam Gakseong(碧巖覺性). Even though they are said to have been created by the same Dan-eung, if the Four Heavenly Kings of Hadong Ssanggyesa Temple and Gimcheon Jikjisa Temple show such different aspects, it can be inferred that the iconography and style of the creation of the Four Heavenly Kings were more influenced by the will or inclination of the founder, rebuilder, or monk leading the disciples.