최근 미국 이민법과 입법논의에 구현된 인권 문제
Human Rights Issues Embodied in Recent U.S. Immigration Laws and Legislation Discussion
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2001년 9/11 사태로 인해, 미국은 외국인 출입국 및 국적 취득에 관한 이민 정책과 관련하여긴급하게 대테러전에 돌입하는 이민정책을 폈다. 국토안보부를 설립, 국가 및 경제 안보를 위한 국경보호 차원에서 이민정책을 시행하겠다는 의지를 보여주고 있다. 이러한 통제적, 폐쇄적 이민정책은 단지외국인에 의한 9/11 테러공격에 의해 갑자기 시행된 것은 아니라고 본다. 건국 초기의 미국은 개방적인 이민정책에서 점차로 국익과 직결된 선별적인 이민정책을 취해왔으며, 1980년대 이후부터는 통제적이면서도 선별적인 이민정책을 취했다. 이러한 미국의 이민정책의 변화는 이민 관련 입법에 잘 반영되어있어, 이민 관련법에 대한 검토를 통해, 미국의 이민정책의 전반적인 내용을 파악하는 것이 이 글의목적이다. 이 글에서는 미국의 외국인에 대한 입국, 체류, 국적 취득 및 상실에 관한 이민법제도를 개관하고, 외국인 배우자, 난민, 불법체류자, 국적상실 문제와 관련하여, 최근의 미국 이민법과 이민 입법논의에 구현된 인권 보호적 또는 침해적 요소에 대해 검토한다.
Abstract
Shortly after the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001, the U.S. government declared a “war on terrorism” like many other nations, to protect their national borders, by strengthening their immigration enforcement and by authorizing more controlled and selective immigration policies through legislation related to immigration laws. A new enforcement authority, the Department of Homeland Security, was established to fortify the national borders to prevent illegal aliens from crossing over borders. In addition, one of the notorious laws, Patriot Act, has been enacted right after the 9/11 and in enforcing the law, many violative incidents of human rights and constitutionally protected individual rights of the U.S. citizens, naturally born in the U.S or naturalized as the foreign-born, have been reported. Even in these recent days some fear of terrorism against the U. S. made a bill proposal to deprive the citizenship of the naturalized-foreign-born U.S. citizens if they engage in terrorist activities. These kinds of legislative activities by the Congress and the enforcement by the Adminstration prove the U.S. closed, exclusionary, and selective immigration policies not only in recent years, but also throughout its immigration history. The main purpose of this paper looks over some human rights issues reflected in recent U.S. immigration laws. Some regulations are enacted to protect human rights of aliens, such as would-be spouses of U.S. citizens, victims of violence and trafficking, and refugees. Other legislative discussions on whether to grant pardons to illegal aliens and whether to revoke the U.S. citizenship of aliens who are engaged in terrorist activities might be discriminatory to aliens or violative of human rights of aliens.
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