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덴마크 적극적 노동시장정책(ALMP)의 실용교육 기제 탐색: 유연안전성 모형의 변환 사례

Exploring a learnfare mechanism to link practical education to labor market in Active Labour Market Policies: A Danish case of the Flexicurity Model transformation

최희경
한국 스칸디나비아학회 (The Scandinavian Society of Korea)|2021.06|스칸디나비아 연구 (Journal of the Scandinavian Society of Korea)|제27호|pp. 41-94

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참고문헌

키워드

기업가정신entrepreneurship덴마크Denmark직업교육훈련적극적 노동시장정책유연안전성근로복지책임대학flexicurityALMP(Active Labor Market Policy)vocational education and training(VET)learnfareResponsible University

초록

본 연구는 노동시장 활성화의 주된 요인인 실용주의 교육의 특징과 운영 기제를 탐색한 것으로 덴마크의 적극적 노동시장정책(ALMP)을 사례로 분석했다. 유연안전성의 대표국인 덴마크는 구직자의 취업과 노동력의 원활한 이동에 전통적으로 사회보장제도의 지원을 중시했으나 최근 ALMP를 강조하고 있다. ALMP 프로그램에서는 교육과 훈련이 핵심인데 이 논문은 그 특징과 기제를 분석하여 결과를 모형으로 제시했다. 노동시장과 직접 연계되는 덴마크 직업교육훈련의 특징은 높은 현장성과 지역성이다. 덴마크는 북유럽에서 유일하게 도제식 전통을 교육제도로 보존하고 있고, 현장실무 비중이 직업교육훈련 프로그램의 50∼ 75%에 달한다. 또한 교육훈련 과정 전반에 노동조합과 사용자들이 공식적으로 참여하고 있다. 교육훈련의 기획과 실행에는 지역수요가 적극 반영되는데 지역별 노조지부와 사업체, 지방자치단체의 역할과 지역대학의실용주의 패러다임이 함께 작용한 결과다. 한편 정규일반교육도 노동시장에 장기적이고 근본적으로 영향을 미친다. 초중등교육과정에서는 국가전략 차원으로 기업가정신을 교육하는 한편, 고등교육기관들은 ‘책임대학’ 패러다임을 바탕으로 지역의 혁신과 발전을 추진하고 있다. 한국은 높은 교육열과 대학 진학률에도 노동시장 활성화에 어려움을 겪고 있다. 덴마크 사례로부터 시장과 지역의 수요를 반영하는 직업교육훈련, 정규교육의 실용주의, 경제산업부문 주체들의 적극적인 협력 등을 정책적 제도적 시사점으로 고려할 수 있다.

Abstract

This study explores a learnfare mechanism to link practical education to labor market in Denmark, focusing on transformation of the Flexicurity Model with three components of flexible labor market, social security and Active Labor Market Policy (ALMP). Since 1990s, the basic axis of ‘the golden triangle’ has shifted from connecting social security and the labor market to linking ALMP and the labor market, a new critical factor being practical education. This manuscript attempts to examine the nature and the process of the ALMP and the educational systems to strengthen it. In Danish vocational education and training system (VET), one can witness remarkable, workable cooperation between labor market and educational system, with its programs pragmatically responding to local demand of innovation and development. Key components of the VET can be hands-on training with local flavor and active participation of stakeholders. The VET’s work-based education such as internship or on-the-job training amounts up to 50∼75% of the entire programs. Social partners in the programs, including trade unions, employers, and local authorities, have officially and/or informally been engaged in planning, implementing and auditing the training programs. Notably, the approach in general education emphasizing entrepreneurship for primary and secondary schoolers inspires their potential for future jobs. Additionally, the paradigm of ‘Responsible University’ contributes to innovation and development of regional labor market. The Danish experiences can provide lessons to Korea, which despite a high level of education struggles to vitalize labor market in sustainable terms. Long overdue, a methodical design for practice-oriented education system merits consideration in order to embrace real world demand from both market and localities.

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