복지국가 스웨덴의 장례 복지 제도 분석: 교회와 가족의 위상 변화를 중심으로
Analysis of Funeral Welfare System in the Welfare State of Sweden: Focus on Changes in the Roles of Church and Family
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초록
본 연구는 기존의 복지국가 논의에서 사회민주주의 체제에 대한 설명의 한계를 인식하고 이를 보완하기 위해 스웨덴의 공공서비스에 초점을맞추어 장례 제도 분석을 시행하였다. 이 연구는 공공자료와 민간 자료, 학술자료 등 여러 유형의 문헌자료를 수집 및 내용 분석하여 스웨덴 장례문화를 둘러싼 주요 행위 주체가 ‘국가-교회-기업-가족’이라는 점을 밝히면서, 특별히 스웨덴 복지국가 모델에는 ‘교회’라는 기관이 장례에 있어서 필수적인 공공서비스 제공자로 존재함을 확인하였다. 또한 분석 과정에서 최근 교회가 ‘이중 전략’을 취하고 있음을 포착할 수 있었는데, 하나는 장례비(세금)로 운영되는 매장지 관리의 공적 역할과 다른 하나는 교인이나 비교인을 위한 장례서비스를 유상으로 제공하는 사적 역할을 통해 교회 서비스가 시장으로 진입하는 양상을 확인할 수 있었다. 한편, 장례 문화에서 나타나는 가족의 의미는 ‘확장된 가족’으로서 친밀성과 신뢰, 사랑하는 관계까지 가족의 영역으로 포함하고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 스웨덴 장례 제도의 특징을 요약하면 ‘교회의 시장 진입’과 ‘가족관계의 확장’이라 할 수 있으며, 이는 기존 복지국가 이론에서 스웨덴 모델을 새롭게 바라볼 수 있는 관점을 제시하였다는 점에서 의의가 있겠다.
Abstract
This study, recognizing the limitations in explanations of social democracy within existing welfare state discussions, focuses on public services in Sweden to complement these discussions by analyzing funeral welfare systems. Gathering and analyzing public, private, and academic literature, this research highlights the key actors surrounding Swedish funeral culture as ‘state-church-business-family,’ confirming the essential role of the ‘church’ as a provider of public services in funerals within the Swedish welfare state model. Furthermore, the analysis identifies the recent adoption of a ‘dual strategy’ by churches. One aspect involves their public role in managing essential cemetery services funded by funeral fees (taxes), while the other involves the privatized provision of funeral services for parishioners and non-parishioners for a fee, indicating the ‘church market entry’. Meanwhile, the significance of family in funeral culture encompasses an ‘extended family,’ including intimacy, trust, and loving relationships within its scope. Summarizing the characteristics of the Swedish funeral system, it can be described as the ‘church market entry’ and the ‘expansion of family relations,’ offering a new perspective on the Swedish model within existing welfare state theories.
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