개발도상국의 인간개발지수(HDI)에 영향을 미치는 요인 - 공적개발원조(ODA)를 중심으로 -
A study of the Official Development Assistance on the Human Development Index - Evidences from Developing Countries -
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초록
본 논문은 공적개발원조(ODA)가 개발도상국의 경제성장뿐 아니라, 수원국의 빈곤감소에도 유효했는지를 살펴본 연구이다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 ‘기본적 역량의 박탈’을 의미하는 다면적 빈곤 개념을 도입하여, 공적개발원조가 인간개발지수(HDI)에 미치는 영향을 패널데이터를 통해 분석하였다. 분석결과에 따르면 공적개발원조는 수원국의 인간개발지수를 개선시키는데 의미있는 기여를 한 것으로 나타났으나, 그 효과는 대륙별로 상당한 차이가 있는 것으로 파악되었다. 구체적으로 아프리카와 유럽 대륙에서는 공적개발원조가 인간개발지수의 개선에 뚜렷한 효과가 있는 것으로 나타난 반면, 중남미, 아시아 대륙에서는 별다른 영향을 미치지 못한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 분석결과는 공적개발원조가 국가적 특성에 민감함을 의미하며, 특히 시장의 효율성이나 민간경제의 활성화 정도에 따라 공적원조의 효과가 상이해질 수 있음을 뜻한다. 그 외에 공적개발원조의 효과에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 요소들은 외국인 직접투자(FDI), 상수도 시설과 같은 생활환경 수준, 교육 및 의료서비스에 대한 접근 정도 등으로 파악되었다.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to analyze whether Official Development Assistance(ODA) has effectively reduced multilateral poverty in developing countries in terms of "disqualification of basic capabilities" as well as national economic growth in developing countries. Panel analysis using the Human Development Index(HDI) to measure multifaceted poverty shows that ODA has made a significant contribution to improving HDI in DAC recipient countries overall. However, when analyzed by continent, ODA was found to increase HDI in Africa and Oceania, but ODA was found to be insignificant in Latin America, Asia, and Europe, and foreign direct investment (FDI), a private capital, was found to be significant. This means that even if ODA has reduced poverty in terms of economic development, poverty in terms of multiple areas has not decreased, suggesting that the market may have worked efficiently when resources were entrusted to the private sector, not led by the state or multilateral organizations. In addition, it was found that HDI increased as the urban population increased. It has been shown that multi-faceted poverty decreases as access to cleaner water and access to education and health care becomes easier.
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