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중국의 데이터 자원화와 미중 전략경쟁의 성격 변화

China’s Data Strategy and Changes of U.S.-China Strategic Competition

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주제분류정치외교학

초록

본 연구는 일반목적기술(GPT)에 의한 디지털 전환의 결과 새로운 자원으로 등장한 데이터를 중심으로 미중 관계를 분석했다. 민군겸용 기술인 디지털 기술이 데이터를 연료로 소모하기 때문에 데이터 자원의 확보는 국력 향상에 필수적이다. 미국과 중국은 디지털 전환 사회로 빠르게 진입하였고 데이터 경쟁력을 확보하기 위해 디지털 전환의 심화와 데이터 거래를 촉진하고 있다. 그 결과 중국은 집중성에서, 미국은 다양성에서 비교우위가 있으나 현재 중국은 다양성의 한계를 보완하고자 주변국과의 연계를 강화하고 있다. 한편 데이터 경쟁력 확보 과정에서 데이터 자원의 특성상 중요정보 유출이라는 외부효과가 발생하며 이를 통제하면서 데이터를 효율적으로 활용하기 위해서는 데이터 거버넌스가 중요하다. 민주주의 체제인 미국은 복잡한 절차, 인권침해 문제 등 정부의 데이터 활용에 많은 제약이 있으나 권위주의 체제인 중국은 정부가 국내에서 발생하는 모든 데이터에 빠르게 접근할 수 있다. 즉, 중국은 경쟁력 있는 데이터를 국가 전략자원으로 활용하기 용이하다. 미국이 가치 동맹외교를 통해 중국의 체제를 비난하면서 디커플링을 추진하는 핵심은 중국의 데이터 전략을 견제하고 패권을 유지하는 데 있다고 보았다.

Abstract

This study analyzes the U.S.-China relationship, focusing on data that emerged as a new resource as a result of digital transformation by GPT. Securing data resources is essential to improving national power because digital technology, a dual-use technology, consumes data as fuel. The U.S. and China are promoting digital transformation and data transactions to secure data competitiveness. As a result, China has a comparative advantage in “depth” and the United States in “diversity”, but China is now strengthening its links with neighboring countries to compensate for the limitations of diversity. Meanwhile, due to the nature of data resources, data governance is important to control the externality problem. The U.S., a democratic system, has many restrictions on the use of government data, including complicated procedures and human rights violations, but China, an authoritarian system, has quick access to all domestic data. In other words, China is easy to utilize competitive data as a national strategic resource. To check China's data strategy, the U.S. is pushing for decoupling, criticizing China’s system through value alliance diplomacy.

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