당국체제의 연쇄 - 동아시아 내전과 냉전 -

Abstract

This paper discusses the format of the Kuomintang of China, which had been formed through reformation in Taiwan since 1950 and that of the Liberal Party formed in South Korea in 1951 from the perspective of the party-state system in an attempt to identify the state of East Asian civil wars through the political formats shared by both parties. Chiang Kai-shek had tried to implement a full-scale reformation of the Kuomintang since 1949 as it was losing many battles in the Chinese civil war. As the reformation plan of the time had a relatively democratic character, the reformation attempt failed as the Kuomintang withdrew to Taiwan. However, in July 1950, immediately after the outbreak of the Korean War, reformation was implemented dramatically. Taking advantage of the situation in which the United States policy toward Taiwan was forced to change due to the Korean War, Chiang Kai-shek introduced a reformation which was completely different from the one that had existed and successfully established a robust dictatorial system. It is important to note that Chiang Kai-Shek and his son Chiang Ching-kuo together formed the dictatorial system through this reformation, but another noteworthy fact is that this reformation was intended to reform the Kuomintang so that it would have a similar direction as a communist party. Chiang Kai-shek appeared to have been keen to learn from the communist party through the process of reformation. For example, farmers and laborers were set to be the social foundation of the party. The cell was introduced as the lowest unit of the party in order to penetrate into the very foundation of the society. Chiang also ordered the study of dialectic proactively to refine their ideology. The purpose of these actions was to win over the foundation of communist party so that the Kuomintang could beat the communists in the civil war which was expected to resume as a result of the outbreak of the Korean War. The Kuomintang was reformed with an expectation of resuming the civil war, and it exerted influence in South Korea. While the reformation of the Kuomintang was progressing, Yi Beom-seok was in Taiwan as ambassador to China and he forwarded the news of the successful reform of the Kuomintang to South Korea. Syngman Rhee brought Yi home as he was considering forming his own political party to obtain a breakthrough in his impasse with the National Assembly. On August 15, 1951, in his Independence Day speech, Rhee announced the organization of a political party having farmers and laborer as its base. In the process of forming this new party, the party seemed to criticize capitalism in an ideological manner. This was a virtual resurrection of the One-people Principle, an official ideology from 1949 that was simultaneously anti-communist and anti-capitalist. During the Korean War, which was practically led by the United States, however, it was impossible for the party to assert anti-capitalism. Therefore, when the party was formed as the Liberal Party, its ideology was weakened to something resembling “building a cooperative society.” The ideology became ambiguous, but the format of the party was similar to that of a communist party and similar to the Kuomintang after reformation. The most noteworthy point is the fact that the Liberal Party, too, introduced the cell system as its basic unit. Also, as a training institution for party members, the party established a central political training institute. And this too was modeled from the Revolutionary Practice Research Institute, a training center for the Kuomintang’s officials. The reform of the Kuomintang and the formation of the Liberal Party occurred during the Korean War, and its characteristics are that both parties adopted a communist party-like system in order to address the situation of civil war. However, since South Korea was one of the main subjects of United States control during the emergence of the American-led Cold War system, such a party-state system did not last long, whereas it was maintained for more than 40 years in Taiwan where the degree of control level was relatively lower.