미국의 대통령 선거와 공교육 개혁을 둘러싼 갈등과 타협
Public School Reform Issues and Presidential Elections in America
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이 연구에서는 연방정부의 교육 재정과 영향력 확대를 골자로 한 공교육 개혁을 둘러싼 갈등이 어떻게 정치화되고 일단락되었는지를 대통령 선거를 중심으로 살펴보았다. 건국 이래 유지되어 온 공교육 시스템에 대한 개혁 요구는 1960년대 이래 이념적 갈등을 유발했다. 공교육 개혁은 주 정부의 재정악화, 공교육 붕괴에 따른 국가적 위기감 고조, 개혁 필요성에 대한 국민적 공감대 형성으로 인해 1980년대 이후 본격적인 대선이슈로 떠올랐다. 1988년, 1992년, 2000년 선거에서 공화당 후보는 당파성과 무관하게 연방수준에서의 개혁을 공약으로 제시하였다. 특히 2000년 대선에서 유권자의 3/4이 이 개혁에 찬성하였고 조지 W. 부시 대통령은 약속한 공교육 개혁안을 2001년 의회의 초당적 지지를 받아 아동낙오방지법(NCLB: No Child Left Behind)으로 제정하였다. 이처럼 선거를 통해 이념 갈등, 공교육 개혁의 현실적 필요성에 따른 유권자의 선호 변화, 다수 유권자의 선호를 따르는 공화당 대통령 후보자의 공약 제시, 이에 따른 공화당 지지자의 입장 변화 등이 다양하게 표출되면서 공교육 개혁의 중요한 환경이 조성되었음을 알 수 있다.
Abstract
This paper aims to promote in-depth discussion and understanding how election agenda and issues become policies after presidential elections. Public school reform agenda have been critically important policy issues for recent presidential elections since 1988. Public school reform issues have gained a lot of attention because of financial deficit in regional schools, decreasing educational quality, demanding equality for educational opportunity. Specifically it was the most the important domestic policy issue in the 2000 presidential election, when Republican presidential candidate George W. Bush took a liberal position for this issue. Why he took a liberal position on this issue? Based on empirical analyses of ANES data, 1984-2012, it is found George W. Bush took strategically a liberal position for this issue in order to win the election of 2000. His strategic positioning helps him to win the election as well as this agenda become NCLB policy by persuading republican voters to support this reform.
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