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저출산 고령화시대 미국, 캐나다, 호주의 이민정책 비교 연구: 이민인구와 최근 경향을 중심으로

A Comparative Study on Immigration Policy in the United States, Canada and Australia in the Age of Low Birth Rate and Aging: Focus on Immigrant Population and Recent Trends

임동진
한국비교정부학회 (The Korean Association For Comparative Government)|2020.06|한국비교정부학보 (Korean Comparative Government Review)|제24권 제2호|pp. 69-99|DOI 10.18397/kcgr.2020.24.2.69

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참고문헌

키워드

국제비교International ComparisonPopulation Change이민정책Immigration Policy저출산 고령화인구변화이민인구Low Birth Rate and AgingImmigration Population
주제분류행정학

초록

(Purpose) The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze immigration policies in the United States, Canada, and Australia and to suggest implications for Korean immigration policies. (Design/methodology/approach) To compare immigration policies by country, this study divided the areas of comparison into (1) population change and immigration population, (2) types and characteristics of immigration policy in each country, and (3) the latest trends in immigration policy. (Findings) First, since the 1970s, the US, Canada, Australia and South Korea's population birth rate has been declining continuously, while it is expected. the proportion of the elderly population is 23.0% in the US, Canada, 22.0% in Australia and 40.0% in Korea in 2060. Second, the United States, Canada, and Australia are expected to see population growth due to continuous influx of immigrants despite low birth rate and high age population, while Korea, which has limited immigrant inflows, is expected to decrease along with Germany and Japan. Third, the Australian and Canadian immigration policy focuses on technical migration (67.5%) or economic migration (55.6%), while the United States focuses on family migration (66.4%). In addition, it was found that all three countries set an upper limit on immigrants by type of immigration and manage the influx of immigrants selectively. Finally, the United States, Canada and Australia have established and used immigrant databases to understand the degree of economic and social impacts of immigration. (Research implications or Originality) Recent changes in immigration policy in the United States, Canada, and Australia include: (1) selecting customized migrants based on labor market demand, (2) expanding the employment of short-term migrant workers to meet immediate labor market demands, (3) actively attracting international students who can become technical migrants, (4) reform of refugee acceptance system, and (5) migrants' local inflow policy.

Abstract

(Purpose) The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze immigration policies in the United States, Canada, and Australia and to suggest implications for Korean immigration policies. (Design/methodology/approach) To compare immigration policies by country, this study divided the areas of comparison into (1) population change and immigration population, (2) types and characteristics of immigration policy in each country, and (3) the latest trends in immigration policy. (Findings) First, since the 1970s, the US, Canada, Australia and South Korea's population birth rate has been declining continuously, while it is expected. the proportion of the elderly population is 23.0% in the US, Canada, 22.0% in Australia and 40.0% in Korea in 2060. Second, the United States, Canada, and Australia are expected to see population growth due to continuous influx of immigrants despite low birth rate and high age population, while Korea, which has limited immigrant inflows, is expected to decrease along with Germany and Japan. Third, the Australian and Canadian immigration policy focuses on technical migration (67.5%) or economic migration (55.6%), while the United States focuses on family migration (66.4%). In addition, it was found that all three countries set an upper limit on immigrants by type of immigration and manage the influx of immigrants selectively. Finally, the United States, Canada and Australia have established and used immigrant databases to understand the degree of economic and social impacts of immigration. (Research implications or Originality) Recent changes in immigration policy in the United States, Canada, and Australia include: (1) selecting customized migrants based on labor market demand, (2) expanding the employment of short-term migrant workers to meet immediate labor market demands, (3) actively attracting international students who can become technical migrants, (4) reform of refugee acceptance system, and (5) migrants' local inflow policy.

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