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타이 경어체계에 반영된 메타포의 문화적 해석 -왕실용어에 반영된 상하향 지향은유를 중심으로

Cultural Interpretation of Metaphors in Thai Honorifics – With a Focus on Up-Down Orientational Metaphors Reflected in Royal Language

박경은
한국태국학회 (Korean Association Of Thai Studies)|2020.02|한국태국학회논총 (JOURNAL OF KOREAN ASSOCIATION OF THAI STUDIES)|제26권 제2호|pp. 1-38|DOI 10.22473/kats.2020.26.2.001

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참고문헌

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Metaphor타이어메타포Thai language태국어HonorificsOrientational Metaphor경어체계지향은유왕실용어Royal language
주제분류지역학

초록

타이어는 경어체계가 발달한 언어이다. 특히 현재 왕실이 존재하는 타이는 복잡한 왕실용어 역시 발달해 있으며, 수직적인 상하의 개념이 경어체계에 언어적, 물리적으로 반영되어 있다. 이에 본 연구는 왕실용어 및 몸짓언어에 반영된 상하향 지향은유를 인지언어학 이론을 토대로 분석하였다. 말 언어의 경우 왕실용어 대명사를 분석한 결과, 화자의 머리나 가장 높은 곳으로 화자를 지칭하는 자기 낮춤(겸양)의 표현과 청자의 발이나 가장 낮은 곳으로 청자를 지칭하는 상대 높임의 표현을 통해 상하향 지향은유가 언어표현에 반영됨을 확인하였다. 몸짓언어 역시 왕실행사에서의 시선, 자세와 몸가짐, 경례동작 등의 종합적 분석을 통해 역시 상하향 지향은유가 물리적으로 반영됨을 확인하였다. 이러한 분석 결과는, 여러 언어에서 보편적으로 나타나는 STATUS IS HEIGHT 라는 메타포 개념이 타이의 문화와 가치관에 존재하고, 이것이 말 언어 및 몸짓언어에 유표적으로 나타남을 보여준다. 본 연구는 타이인들의 가치관과 문화에서 비롯된 메타포 개념이 언어와 행동에 미치는 영향에 대한 이해를 통해 타이 문화에 대한 깊이 있는 이해를 도모하는 동시에 이러한 말언어와 몸짓언어가 다시 메타포 개념을 형성할 수 있는 상호작용의 가능성을 생각하게 한다.

Abstract

The Thai language is a language with a highly developed honorifics system and a “Royal language,” since Thailand is a kingdom with a long monarchical history. The vertical concept of up and down is reflected in the Thai honorific system both verbally and non-verbally. This article aims to examine the orientational metaphor, which is reflected both in verbal and nonverbal Royal language. The results show that vertical orientational metaphors are reflected in pronouns in Royal language, using the “highest part of the body (of the speaker)” such as the head, hair and crown as first-person humble pronouns and using the “lowest part of the body (of the listener)” such as feet or soles as second person honorific pronouns. At the same token, vertical metaphors are also reflected physically in nonverbal communication, such as level of the eye line, posture, and salute in royal ceremonies. The result of the study implicates that the metaphorical concept of STATUS IS HEIGHT, which can be found in many languages, is also existent in Thai culture and value, and is explicitly reflected in verbal and nonverbal expressions in Thai. This research can be a meaningful attempt to deepen our understanding of Thai people and culture by comprehending the impact that the culture-driven metaphor has on language use and behavior, as well as to consider the possibility that language can affect the metaphorical concepts of the language users.

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