복합미래(luṭ)의 용법에 대한 고찰 __ 『파니니 문법』 (Aṣṭādhyāyī)을 중심으로__

Abstract

Sanskrit has several ways of expressing future time. The simplest, which may be used to indicate immediate future, is simply to use the present indicative(laṭ). On the other hand, for more general expression of future time, Sanskrit has two distinct verbal conjugation, namely the periphrastic future(luṭ) and the simple future(ḷṭ). The periphrastic future is far less frequently used. It is used to express ‘something that is going to happen not to-day’(anadyatana-bhaviṣyat-kāle arthe). It denotes action that will take place at some more or less definite time or occasion in the future, but not of to-day. On the other hand, the simple future is used to express ‘something that is going to happen in general future time’(sāmānya-bhaviṣyat-kale arthe). It denotes generally ‘uninterrupted action’(kriyā-prabandha), indefinite future time, and ‘proximity time’(sāmīpya-kale arthe) that of the speaker. As the term sāmānya(general) is meant, the simple future could be used to denote any indefinite future action. So it is used more frequently than others. In the most of time, a reader meets the simple future in sanskrit sentences. While the periphrastic future use begins in Veda, and it grows in the common in Brāhmaṇas and Epics, but it is nowhere nearly so frequent as the simple future. And then it is so difficult that quotes from classical sanskrit. But as it could be understood in directions of Aṣṭādhyāyī and various quotable examples from Veda, Brāhmaṇas, and Epics, the periphrastic future was used to as the proper role in the sentence. So a reader could infer from the sentence that the speaker's standpoint on the future action, as below. Firstly, there is a gap between the time-point of a speaker's utterance and the action expressed by the periphrastic future. Secondly, there is a high possibility that　the action, which is expressed by the periphrastic future, can be realized. Thirdly, if the speaker and the subject are the same person, in many cases, it indicates a strong will that the speaker will do the action expressed by the periphrastic future. Hence when a speaker swears to do an action, periphrastic future is employed.