Causing Troubles Elsewhere: The Shining Path and Its International Networks, 1980-1993
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As a Maoist organization, the Shining Path inflicted terror and violence in Peru throughout the 1980s and early 1990s. Facing strong domestic resistance and vehement international condemnation, this militant group was never able to establish a communist regime in Peru as its leader Abimael Guzmán had envisioned. With little domestic support and amid frequent international denouncements, the Shining Path looked beyond the Peruvian borders for trouble and capitalized on its transnational connections to enhance its survival. Its global networks spanned the Americas, Europe, and even reached to North African countries like Libya, which lacked connections to Peru or communist countries. While the Shining Path was unable to create a massive communist regime as it wished, it did, however, generate fear and violence within Peru and beyond. From this perspective, the organization altered its strategic political goal to the process goal of effecting chaos and fear among the global communities. Ironically, the supposed allies of Shining Path, according to the Maoist ideology, actually turned against the communist organization—peasants from rural Peru resented the disruption of their lives caused by Shining Path, while China, the cradle of Maoism, along with the Soviet Union and Cuba, condemned the guerrillas as terrorists. By examining the expansive transnational sources generated by the Foreign Broadcast Information Service of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the official newspaper of the Chinese government, Renmin Ribao, this paper contributes to the recent and growing historiography that has analyzed diverse political movements in Latin America beyond their immediate geographical origins.
Abstract
As a Maoist organization, the Shining Path inflicted terror and violence in Peru throughout the 1980s and early 1990s. Facing strong domestic resistance and vehement international condemnation, this militant group was never able to establish a communist regime in Peru as its leader Abimael Guzmán had envisioned. With little domestic support and amid frequent international denouncements, the Shining Path looked beyond the Peruvian borders for trouble and capitalized on its transnational connections to enhance its survival. Its global networks spanned the Americas, Europe, and even reached to North African countries like Libya, which lacked connections to Peru or communist countries. While the Shining Path was unable to create a massive communist regime as it wished, it did, however, generate fear and violence within Peru and beyond. From this perspective, the organization altered its strategic political goal to the process goal of effecting chaos and fear among the global communities. Ironically, the supposed allies of Shining Path, according to the Maoist ideology, actually turned against the communist organization—peasants from rural Peru resented the disruption of their lives caused by Shining Path, while China, the cradle of Maoism, along with the Soviet Union and Cuba, condemned the guerrillas as terrorists. By examining the expansive transnational sources generated by the Foreign Broadcast Information Service of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the official newspaper of the Chinese government, Renmin Ribao, this paper contributes to the recent and growing historiography that has analyzed diverse political movements in Latin America beyond their immediate geographical origins.
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