To Make the Revolution: Solidarity and Divisions among Latin American Guerrillas in the 1960s
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Following the triumph of the Cuban Revolution in 1959, both Fidel Castro and Ernesto “Che” Guevara attempted to unite Latin American leftists in a hemispheric-wide anti-imperialist front against the politico-economic hegemony of the United States. In important speeches, Fidel pronounced that “the duty of the revolutionary is to make the revolution” and predicted that “the Cordillera de los Andes would become the Sierra Maestra of South America”. Revolutionaries in Cuba welcomed political dissidents. They provided training to guerrilla groups from throughout the Third World, sponsored international conferences for Latin American solidarity, and provided haven to political dissidents. Che himself entertained 380 Argentinean youth in Havana’s Gran Asado of May 1962. He exhorted them to unite in the spirit of San Martín and Bolívar. Why did most Latin American guerrillas fail in the 1960s? I base this investigation on CIA and U.S. State Department reports, testimonies of surviving guerrillas of the 1960s, and limited Cuban documentation. My study suggests that nationalism and ideological particularism undermined efforts to unite the Latin American left into an effective anti-imperialist front. Che Guevara himself could not overcome Bolivian nationalism in his 1967 guerrilla campaign, which received little assistance from the country’s Communists and Trotskyists. Prospective rural foquista guerrillas in Venezuela, Peru, Ecuador, and Argentina also suffered from rejections by militants of the Communist and Socialist Parties. Moreover, few Latin American nationals besides the Cubans volunteered to fight in countries not of their birth. Most of all, the failure of guerrilla movements can be explained by the fact that Cuba exported the revolution as Marxist-Leninist rather than the democratic nationalist movement that Fidel Castro led to victory on January 1, 1959.
Abstract
Following the triumph of the Cuban Revolution in 1959, both Fidel Castro and Ernesto “Che” Guevara attempted to unite Latin American leftists in a hemispheric-wide anti-imperialist front against the politico-economic hegemony of the United States. In important speeches, Fidel pronounced that “the duty of the revolutionary is to make the revolution” and predicted that “the Cordillera de los Andes would become the Sierra Maestra of South America”. Revolutionaries in Cuba welcomed political dissidents. They provided training to guerrilla groups from throughout the Third World, sponsored international conferences for Latin American solidarity, and provided haven to political dissidents. Che himself entertained 380 Argentinean youth in Havana’s Gran Asado of May 1962. He exhorted them to unite in the spirit of San Martín and Bolívar. Why did most Latin American guerrillas fail in the 1960s? I base this investigation on CIA and U.S. State Department reports, testimonies of surviving guerrillas of the 1960s, and limited Cuban documentation. My study suggests that nationalism and ideological particularism undermined efforts to unite the Latin American left into an effective anti-imperialist front. Che Guevara himself could not overcome Bolivian nationalism in his 1967 guerrilla campaign, which received little assistance from the country’s Communists and Trotskyists. Prospective rural foquista guerrillas in Venezuela, Peru, Ecuador, and Argentina also suffered from rejections by militants of the Communist and Socialist Parties. Moreover, few Latin American nationals besides the Cubans volunteered to fight in countries not of their birth. Most of all, the failure of guerrilla movements can be explained by the fact that Cuba exported the revolution as Marxist-Leninist rather than the democratic nationalist movement that Fidel Castro led to victory on January 1, 1959.
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