The Fall of Ideology in Fraternal Socialism: <i>Sino-North Korean Divergence over the American Threat, 1965–1966</i>
2
조회
0
다운로드
3
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
North Korea’s relationship with China had always been complex and ambivalent, ostensibly bound by common ideology but potentially fractured by nationalism. Regardless, Pyongyang refrained from openly opposing Beijing until 1965–1966. The standard interpretations have primarily cited the Cultural Revolution and differences about the Soviet Union as main reasons for the degeneration of their bilateral relations. The previous emphasis on the disruptive impact of the Cultural Revolution and the Soviet Union, however, has obscured a new source of contention emanating from their divergence about the American threat. During this time, North Korea assessed Beijing’s efforts to avoid a direct confrontation with the United States over Vietnam, coupled with the dominance of anti-Sovietism, as evidence of China’s growing disregard for fraternal solidarity and unity of alliance. Consequently, Pyongyang redefined Beijing for the first time as an impediment to the joint struggle against American imperialism and a doubtful asset in the pursuit of militant strategy towards South Korea. Accordingly, an explicit criticism of China underpinned Pyongyang’s accelerated promotion of independence from 1965–1966, which was advanced as clearly more anti-American and theoretically principled position than Chinese policy towards the United States.
Abstract
North Korea’s relationship with China had always been complex and ambivalent, ostensibly bound by common ideology but potentially fractured by nationalism. Regardless, Pyongyang refrained from openly opposing Beijing until 1965–1966. The standard interpretations have primarily cited the Cultural Revolution and differences about the Soviet Union as main reasons for the degeneration of their bilateral relations. The previous emphasis on the disruptive impact of the Cultural Revolution and the Soviet Union, however, has obscured a new source of contention emanating from their divergence about the American threat. During this time, North Korea assessed Beijing’s efforts to avoid a direct confrontation with the United States over Vietnam, coupled with the dominance of anti-Sovietism, as evidence of China’s growing disregard for fraternal solidarity and unity of alliance. Consequently, Pyongyang redefined Beijing for the first time as an impediment to the joint struggle against American imperialism and a doubtful asset in the pursuit of militant strategy towards South Korea. Accordingly, an explicit criticism of China underpinned Pyongyang’s accelerated promotion of independence from 1965–1966, which was advanced as clearly more anti-American and theoretically principled position than Chinese policy towards the United States.
참고문헌 (35)
- Armstrong, Charles, "The North Korean Revolution" (2003), Cornell University Press
- Armstrong, Charles, "Tyranny of the Weak" (2013), Cornell University Press
- Chen, Jian, "Mao’s China and the Cold War" (2001), University of North Carolina Press
- Cheng Xiaohe, "THE EVOLUTION OF SINO-NORTH KOREAN RELATIONS IN THE 1960s", Asian Perspective, 34(2), pp.173~199 (2010), 극동문제연구소
- Choi, Myeong-hae, "Sino-North Korean Alliance" (2008), Oreum
- Chung, Chin O., "Pyongyang between Peking and Moscow: North Korea’s Involvement in the Sino-Soviet Dispute, 1958–1975" (1975), The University of Alabama Press
- The Diplomatic History Research Office of the People’s Republic of China Foreign Ministry, comp, "1949–1975 周恩来外交活动大事记" (1993), World Knowledge Press
- Gaiduk, Ilya, "The Soviet Union and the Vietnam War" (1996), Ivan R. Dee
- Hershberg, James, "Behind the Bamboo Curtain:China, Vietnam, and the World Beyond Asia", pp.193~258 (1965), Stanford University Press
- Han, Hongkoo, "Wounded Nationalism: The Minsaengdan Incident and Kim Il-sung in Eastern Manchuria", PhD, pp.1999
- 平岩俊司, "Sixty Years of Sino-North Korean Relations" (2010), Seonin
- Iriye, Akira, "U.S. Policy Toward China: Testimony taken from the Senate Foreign Relations Committee Hearing-1966" (1966), Little, Brown and Company
- Jervis, Robert, "Impact of the Korean War on the Cold War", Journal of Conflict Resolution, 24(4), pp.563~592 (1980)
- Kim, Donggil, "Prelude to War?: The Repatriation of Koreans from the Chinese PLA, 1949–1950", Cold War History, 12(2), pp.227~244 (1950)
- Kim, Il-sung, "Revolution and Socialist Construction in Korea: Selected Writings of Kim Il-sung" (1971), International Publishers Co
- Kim, Il-sung, "Kim Il-sung Works. Vol. 19", pp.257~258 (1984), Foreign Language Publishing House
- Koh, Byung Chul, "North Korea and the Sino-Soviet Schism", The Western Political Quarterly, 22(4), pp.940~962 (1969)
- Lawson, Eugene, "The Sino-Vietnamese Conflict" (1984), Praeger
- Lumbers, Michael, "The Irony of Vietnam: The Johnson Administration’s Tentative Bridge Building to China, 1965–1966", Journal of Cold War Studies, 6(3), pp.68~114 (1966)
- Lüthi, Lorenz, "The Sino-Soviet Split: Cold War in the Communist World" (2008), Princeton University Press
- Mozingo, David, "Lin Biao’s Peoples’ War: China Takes a Second Look at Vietnam" (1965), The Rand Corporation
- Pak, Kil-ryong, "Secret History of Kim Il-sung’s Diplomacy" (1994), Jungang
- Person, James, "North Korea International Documentation Project Document Reader" (1984), Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
- Radchenko, Sergey, "Two Suns in the Heavens: The Sino-Soviet Struggle for Supremacy, 1962–1967" (1967), Woodrow Wilson Center Press
- Rogers, Frank E., "Sino-American Relations and the Vietnam War", China Quarterly, 66, pp.293~314 (1976)
- Scalapino, Robert, "Communism in Korea" (1972), University of California Press
- Seo, Dong-man, "History of the Establishment of the Socialist System in North Korea" (2005), Seonin
- Shen, Zhihua, "After Leaning to One Side: China and Its Allies in the Cold War" (2011), Woodrow Wilson Center Press
- China and the Post-War Reconstruction of North Korea, 1953–1961, "Shen, Zhihua", Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, ~, pp.NKIDP Working Paper 4 (1961)
- Suh, Daesook, "Kim Il-sung: The North Korean Leader" (1988), Columbia University Press
- Szalontai, Balázs, "Kim Il-sung in the Khrushchev Era: Soviet-DPRK Relations and the Roots of North Korean Despotism, 1953–1964" (1964), Woodrow Wilson Center Press
- Westad, Odd Arne, "Brothers in Arms: The Rise and Fall of the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1945–1963", pp.165~188 (1998), The Woodrow Wilson Center Press
- Yi, Jong-seok, "Understanding Contemporary North Korea" (2002), Yeoksa bipyeongsa
- Zagoria, Donald, "Vietnam Triangle: Moscow, Peking, Hanoi" (1967), Western Publishing Company
- Zhai, Qiang, "China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950–1975" (1975), University of North Carolina Press