기욤의 언어유형론 연구 -언어생성 권역 이론(TAG)을 중심으로-
Guillaume’s Typology: theory of glossogenic areas
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Cet article vise à présenter les contenus généraux et les propriétés spécifiques de la typologie de Guillaume, appelée «TAG, théorie des aires glossogéniques». Comme on le sait, Gustave Guillaume (1883~1960) est un linguiste français original, successeur de Saussure et en même temps fondateur de la psychomécanique du langage. Il a réinterprété la dichotomie saussurienne «langue-parole» comme une intégration de la langue au discours. Ce tournant a été rendu possible grâce à la découverte du «temps opératif» dans la synchronie. Il conçoit la langue comme un mouvement, c’est-à-dire un processus cognitif mental, représenté par le «tenseur binaire radical». La typologie linguistique de Guillaume, TAG, est fondée sur une perspective dynamique sur l’activité linguistique. Les types de langues sont déterminés en fonction de la différence entre la taille relative de la langue et du discours, dont la somme est toujours égale à 1 (=intégrité) dans toutes les langues, partout et à tout moment. TAG se divise en trois «aires glossogéniques». À la première aire glossogénique (aire prime), appartiennent les langues isolantes tel que le chinois, les langues agglutinantes tel que le turc, et les langues incorporantes/polysynthétiques tel que le basque et l’inuit. Dans ce type de langues, la «saisie lexicale» se situe, d’une part, près de la «saisie radicale» et, d’autre part, près de la «saisie phrastique». À la deuxième aire glossogénique (aire seconde), appartiennent les langues sémitiques comme l’arabe. Dans ce type de langues, la «saisie lexicale» est divisée en deux étapes. L’une se situe dans le domaine de la langue, construisant la «racine pluriconsonantique» comme «K-T-B». L’autre appartient au domaine du discours, formant des noms comme kitab (livre), katib (écrivain), et des phrases verbales comme kataba (il a écrit) grâce à l’insertion de «voyelles morphologiques». Enfin, à la troisième aire glossogénique (aire tierce), appartiennent les langues indo-européennes flexionnelles, à savoir le latin, le grec, le russe, le français et l’anglais. Dans ce type de langues, la «saisie lexicale» représente à la fois le point final de la «saisie radicale» et le point de départ de la «saisie phrastique». Cependant, il faut se rappeler qu’il n’existe pas de langue purement isolante, purement agglutinante, purement flexionnelle ou purement polysynthétique. Toutes les langues présentent des propriétés typologiques hybrides, selon l’«état de langue» actuel. Par exemple, la langue coréenne est très souvent classée comme une langue agglutinante, ce que l'auteur ne conteste pas du tout. Cependant, elle devrait être reconnue comme ayant plusieurs facettes de type linguistique. Parfois, elle possède une syntaxe régie par un ordre fixe des constituants, et parfois elle présente des morphèmes grammaticaux tels que «josa» et «eomi», qui fonctionnent comme des unités syntaxiques et révèlent même des caractéristiques flexionnelles. Enfin, nous présentons des diagrammes en arbre pour illustrer les processus de construction du mot, du syntagme, de la proposition et de la phrase dans le coréen, en insistant sur le fait que cette langue est fortement agglutinante et polysynthétique, tout en étant une langue faiblement flexionnelle et isolante.
Abstract
This paper aims to introduce the general contents and specific properties of Guillaume’s typology, which is named ‘TAG, théorie des aires glossogéniques (theory of glossogenic areas)’. As is well known, Gustave Guillaume (1883~1960) is an original French linguist, a successor to Saussure and simultaneously the founder of psychomécanique du langage (psychomechanics of language). He reinterpreted Saussure’s dichotomy ‘langue-parole’ as the integral/integration from langue to discours. This turn was possible through the discovery of ‘temps opératif (operative time)’ in synchrony. He conceives language as a sort of movement, that is to say, a mental cognitive process, represented by the ‘tenseur binaire radical (radical binary tensor)’. His linguistic typology TAG is based on the dynamic viewpoint of linguistic activity. Language types are determined in terms of the difference in relative size between langue and discours, whose sum is always 1(=integrity) in all languages, anytime and anywhere. TAG is divided into three ‘aires glossogéniques (glossogenic areas)’. To the first ‘aire glossgénique (glossogenic area)’ belong isolating languages like Chinese, agglutinative languages like Turkish, and incorporating/polysynthetic languages like Basque and Inuit. In this type of languages, the ‘saisie lexicale (lexical prehension)’ is implemented at the place near to the ‘saisie radical (radical prehension)’ on the one hand and the ‘saisie phrastique (sentential prehension)’ on the other hand. To the second ‘aire glossgénique (glossogenic area)’ belong Semitic languages like Arabic. In this type of languages, the ‘saisie lexicale’ is split into two steps. One step is taken in the realm of langue, which constructs “pluri-consonantal root”, say, ‘K-T-B’. The other step is taken in the realm of discours, which constructs nouns kitab (book), katib (writer), and verbal sentences kataba (he wrote) through the insertion of “morphological vowels”. To the last third ‘aire glossgénique (glossogenic area)’ belong Indo-european inflectional languages like Latin, Greek, Russian, French, English. In this type of languages, the ‘saisie lexicale’ is the ending point of the ‘saisie radicale’ and at the same time the starting point for the ‘saisie phrastique’. However, one should keep in mind that there is no 100% pure isolating language, no 100% pure agglutinative language, no 100% inflectional, polysynthetic language. Any language has hybrid typological properties, depending on the present ‘état de langue’. For instance, the Korean language, even though it is very often classified as an agglutinative language which the author does not deny at all, should be admitted to have multi-facets of linguistic type. Sometimes it has syntax operated by the fixed word order of constituents, sometimes it has grammatical morphemes like ‘josa’ and ‘eomi’ which behave as syntactic units and reveal even inflectional characteristics. Finally, we present tree diagrams to show the way of constructing process of word, phrase, clause and sentence in Korean, insisting that Korean is a strong agglutinative, polysynthetic language and simultaneously a week inflectional, isolating language.
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