규약주의자의 인식론적 과학사- 19세기 말 이론 물리학의 부상과 앙리 푸앵카레의 원리의 물리학, 역사, 그리고 철학 -
An Epistemological History of Science by a Conventionalist - Henri Poincaré’s Physics, History and Philosophy of ‘Principles’, and the Emergence of Theoretical Physics toward the End of the Nineteenth Century -
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초록
앙리 푸앵카레는 19세기 후반 프랑스를 대표하는 수학자, 이론 물리학자, 천문학자로서, 과학철학자들과 과학철학사가들에게 ‘규약주의’의 주창자로서 큰 관심을 받은 인물이다. 그럼에도 그가 그린 과학사에 대해서는 사실상 연구가 전무하다고 해도 과언이 아니다. 이 논문의 일차적 목적은 지금껏 거의 주목받지 못한 푸앵카레의 과학사관을 추출하고 그 역사적, 철학적 의의를 분석하는 데 있다. 최근의 과학철학사 연구는 철학적 사유의 내용과 형식을 특정한 역사적 맥락과 구체적인 과학적 실천과의 관계 속에서 분석하는 방향으로 확장되고 있다. 이 논문 역시 그러한 연구 경향과 궤를 함께하여 푸앵카레의 과학사가 그의 과학철학과 더불어 구체적 문제 상황 속에서 형성된 역사적 산물이자, 실제로 자신이 ‘위기’라고 진단한 물리학의 이론적 문제를 타개하기 위해 개발한 실천적 대응책이기도 했음을 보이려 한다. 이를 위해 이 논문은 ‘에너지 보존 원리’에 대한 푸앵카레의 인식론적 역사에 초점을 맞출 것이다. 에너지 보존 원리는 당시 다윈의 ‘자연선택에 의한 진화론’과 함께 19세기의 가장 위대한 발견으로 손꼽히고 있었으며, 푸앵카레 역시 물리학의 여러 원리 중 “확실히 가장 중요한 원리”라고 꼽은 물리학사상의 업적이었다. 그러므로 에너지 보존 원리의 역사적 발전 과정과 철학적 함의에 대한 논의는 19세기 후반 철학적 이론가들의 큰 관심을 끌 수밖에 없었다. 푸앵카레의 열역학 저술에 대해 영국의 물리학자 피터 거스리 테이트가 비판하고 나선 것 역시 그런 맥락 때문이었다. 그러므로 우리는 에너지 보존 원리에 대한 푸앵카레의 논의와 그에 대한 테이트의 논평 및 이어진 논쟁을 통해 당시 어떤 문제들이 화급하게 다뤄졌고, 그런 문제 상황 속에서 푸앵카레의 실천적 입장은 어떠했는지 선명하게 드러낼 수 있는 기회를 포착할 수 있다. 이러한 논의는 푸앵카레의 규약주의가 이론 물리학자의 실천철학으로서 근원적 역사성을 띠고 있었음을 새롭게 보여줄 것이며, 그 성격을 19세기 이래 프랑스의 역사적 인식론의 맥락에서 재해석할 수 있는 여지를 열어줄 것이다.
Abstract
As a prominent mathematician, theoretical physicist, and astronomer, representing France in the late 19th century, Henri Poincaré has been of significant interest for philosophers of science as a main proponent of ‘conventionalism.’ However, scholars has paid virtually no interest to (the existence of) his view of the history of science. In order to remedy this neglect, the primary aim of this paper is to extract Poincaré's perspective on the history of physical sciences, and to analyze its historical and philosophical significance. Recent studies in the history of philosophy of science have been expanding towards analyzing the contents and forms of philosophical thoughts in their relation to relevant concrete scientific practices and specific historical contexts. In align with such movements, this paper aims to show that Poincaré's history of science, along with his philosophy of science, was a historical product formed within a specific epistemic problematic, and a practical response developed to overcome the imposing theoretical problems in physics that he diagnosed as a ‘crisis,’ focusing on Poincaré’s epistemological history of the ‘principle of energy conservation.’ As the energy conservation principle was regarded as one of the greatest discoveries of the 19th century among Poincaré’s contemporaries, discussions on its historical development and philosophical implications inevitably attracted great interest from practicing theorists of the late 19th century, one of whom was none other than Scottish Peter Guthrie Tait, who, as one of the pivotal figures in establishing the science of energy in Britain and beyond, was sharply critical of Poincaré's thermodynamics textbook. Thus, by examining Poincaré's historico-epistemological discussions on the principle of energy conservation, and Tait's comments on them, along with their ensuing debates, we can clearly understand what was at stake at the time and how Poincaré's practical stance was shaped by those situations. Such an understanding brings to light the fundamental historical nature of Poincaré’s conventionalism as the practical philosophy of a theoretical physicist, and opens up the possibility of reinterpreting its character in the context of French historical epistemology since the nineteenth century.
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