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영국의 <헤이그 협약(1954)> 비준의 의미와 배경에 관한 고찰

A Study on the Meaning and Background of the Ratification of ‘the Hague Convention(1954)’ in the UK

김경민
영국사학회|2021.12|영국연구 (The Korean Journal of British Studies)|제46호|pp. 143-180|DOI 10.22852/kjbs..46.202112.143

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키워드

국제협약International Convention전시 문화재 보호헤이그 협약영국 (무력충돌 시)문화재법제2의정서the Hague Conventionthe UK’s Cultural Property (Armed Conflicts) Act 2017the 1999 Second Hague ProtocolProtection of the Cultural Property in Armed Conflict
주제분류역사학

초록

영국은 2017년 유네스코의 문화재 보호를 위한 국제협약인 <무력 충돌 시 문화재 보호에 관한 협약(the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict with Regulations for the Execution of the Convention 1954)>과 여기에 부속된 <제1, 2 의정서(the 1954 First Hague Protocol and the 1999 Second Hague Protocol)> 이행을 위한 <(무력 충돌 시)문화재법(the Cultural Property (Armed Conflicts) Act 2017)>을 의회에서 통과시켰다. 그리고 같은 해 9월 12일, 영국은 공식적으로 <헤이그 협약> 및 <제1, 2 의정서>를 모두 비준했다. 영국이 <헤이그 협약>을 비준한 것은 이 법이 체결된 지 약 63년만의 일이었다. <헤이그 협약>은 무력 충돌 시 문화재 보호에 초점을 맞춰 성문화된 최초의 포괄적 국제법이다. 그렇다면 영국은 왜 60년이 지나도록 이 국제협약에 가입하지 않고 있었던 것일까? 본 논문은 2017년 영국의 <헤이그 협약> 비준이 영국의 전시 문화재 보호에 대한 인식과 더불어 정치·외교적 상황의 변화와도 관련이 있다고 보고, 협약 비준의 배경과 의미를 고찰해보고자 한다. 영국이 <헤이그 협약> 비준에 긍정적인 입장으로 바뀐 데에는 21세기에 국제 상황과 법적 근거가 모두 바뀐 결과인데, 이러한 요소들을 적극 수용하고 협약을 비준한 데에는 문화적, 인도주의적 명분과 함께 이를 바탕으로 국제사회에서 실리를 얻기 위한 영국의 외교·군사적 노력으로 볼 수 있다.

Abstract

In 2017, the UK passed the Cultural Property (Armed Conflicts) Act 2017 for the implementation of the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict with Regulations for the Execution of the Convention 1954 which is UNESCO’s international convention for the protection of cultural properties and the 1954 First Hague Protocol and the 1999 Second Hague Protocol attached thereto. And on September 12 of the same year, the United Kingdom officially ratified both the Hague Convention and the First and Second Protocol. The UK ratified the Hague Convention about 63 years after the law was signed. The Hague Convention is the first comprehensive international law codified with a focus on the protection of cultural properties in the event of armed conflict. So why was the UK not joining this international convention for 60 years? This essay considers that the ratification of the Hague Convention in the UK in 2017 is related to the change in the political and diplomatic situation as well as the perception of the protection of cultural heritage in the UK, and tries to examine the background and meaning of the ratification of the Convention. The change of the international situation and legal basis in the 21st century is the result of the change of the UK’s positive position to ratify the Hague Convention. It can be seen as a British diplomatic and military effort to gain practicality in the international community based on cultural and humanitarian causes and ratification of the Convention.

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