문법화 연구의 현황과 전망
Current Trend and Prospectus of Grammaticalization Studies
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현대언어학에서 인지(cognition)에 대한 관심이 증가함에 따라 문법화는 언어현상을 설명하는 중요한 이론으로 주목을 받게 되었다. 그러나 ‘문법화’라는 용어가 처음으로 소개되었던 1912년 이래, 연구의 초점도 점진적으로 변화하였고 특히 1990년대 말부터는 이론적 적합성에 대한 다양한 도전을 맞이하게 되었으며 이러한 현상은 현재에도 문법화 학계의 연구동향에 중요한 영향을 미치고 있다. 이 발표에서는 이러한 연구동향을 개괄하고 특히 최근의 주요 쟁점들을 소개하고 평가하고자 한다. 특히 최근의 연구동향은 두 개의 갈래로 요약될 수 있는데, 한 줄기는 문법화이론가들 사이에서 활발하게 이루어진 문법화 이론의 재조명 (Reflection) 운동이며 또 다른 줄기는 1990년대 후반부터 Newmeyer (1998, 2001), Joseph (2001), Campbell (2001), Janda (2001) 등에 의해 주도된 문법화 비판과 이에 대한 반론 (Haspelmath 1996, Dahl 1996, Hopper & Traugott 2003)의 움직임을 들 수 있다 (이성하 2007). 이러한 비판과 반론은 주로 형식주의-기능주의적 대치현상과 밀접한 관계를 맺고 있다. 이 발표에서는 이와 같은 쟁점을 정리함으로써 문법화 이론의 연구범위와 그 타당성의 한계, 이론적 접근법에 따른 연구태도의 차이 등을 소개하고, 앞으로의 문법화 연구 동향에 대해 조망해 보고자 한다.
Abstract
Grammaticalization as a research framework has been increasingly receiving attention from scholars as part of the increased interest in human cognition in modern linguistics. However, since its first introduction of the term 'grammaticalization' in 1912 by Anoine Meillet, the research focus in grammaticalization has undergone gradual shift continuously, and from the 1990s, in particular, the grammaticalization framework was faced with the challenges of the scholars in the formalist paradigm who raised doubts about the theoretical validity of the framework. This attack still affects the research trends in grammaticalization in the form of defending the theory on the one hand and of reflecting and reassessing the theory on the other. This paper describes the current trend in grammaticalization research and evaluate the claims centering around the anti-grammaticalization issues. The two major trends in recent research are the movement of reflection on grammaticalization theory, and the pro-and-con arguments regarding the grammaticalization framework, led by Newmeyer (1998, 2001), Joseph (2001), Campbell (2001), Janda (2001) on the anti-grammaticalization side, and Haspelmath (1996), Dahl (1996), Hopper & Traugott (2003) and numerous others in the pro-grammaticalization side. This controversy is closely related to the long drawn-out opposition of the formalist vs. functionalist research orientations. This paper introduces this controversy, and in so doing, attempts to redefine the realms of research, to identify the limit of the validity of grammaticalization theory, to present the different orientations due to the differing research paradigms subscribed, and to present the prospetus of the future grammaticalization research.
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