보상제시 여부에 따른 평가자 유형 및 또래지지 수준이 창의적 과제 수행에 미치는 영향
The effects of rewards, types of evaluator, and peer support on creative performance
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이 연구는 보상제공 여부에 따라 평가자 유형(교사평가, 또래평가)과 또래지지 수준이 창의적 과제 수행에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자, 초등학교 98명을 대상으로 실험을 실시하였다. 실험참가자들은 교사평가와 또래평가 상황(피험자 내 변인)에서 일상적인 물건에 대해 비일상적인 용도를 생각해내는 창의적 과제를 수행하였다. 피험자 간 독립변인으로는 과제의 창의적 수행에 대한 보상의 유무가 조작되었고 개인차 변인으로 또래지지 수준(상하)을 측정하였다. 실험 결과를 요약하면, 창의적인 과제를 수행하는데 있어 보상을 제공하는 것은, 무보상 조건과 비교해 볼 때 부정적이지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 평가자 유형에 따라 교사평가보다 또래평가가 예상될 때 창의적 수행이 낮게 나타났다. 특히 보상 조건에서 또래지지도가 높은 학생들은 교사평가에서보다 또래평가에서 창의적 수행 능력이 낮았으며, 또래지지도가 낮은 학생들은 평가자 유형에 따른 차이를 보이지 않았다. 반면 무보상 조건에서는 또래지지도와 평가자 유형에 따른 창의적 수행에서 차이가 나지 않았다. 이러한 결과를 통해 보상을 제공하는 환경과 평가자 유형의 고려, 그리고 또래와의 지지적인 분위기 조성 등에 있어서 창의성을 증진시키는 학습 환경 설계에 대해 논의하였다.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate how different types of evaluator(teacher vs. peer assessment) and level of peer support influence creative performance depending on the presence or absence of reward. Ninety-eight 5th grade pupils participated in the experiment in which they were shown pictures of objects and asked to generate an unusual but useful usage of each item. All participants were assigned to either a reward or no-reward condition and they were told that their performance would be evaluated by peers or teachers. The results revealed that the presence of performance-contingent rewards had no deleterious effects on creative performance. As for types of evaluator, peer assessment tended to undermine creative performance compared to teacher assessment. In particular, in reward condition, participants with high peer support showed less creative performance under peer assessment condition than teacher assessment condition. When rewards were not presented, there was no significant effect of levels of peer support and types of evaluators on creative performance. Based on these findings, a desirable learning environment that fosters creativity is discussed.
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