‘Authenticity’ 개념에 관한 교육학적 일고찰: 하이데거의 ‘죽음과 탄생’의 교육론
An Educational Consideration on the Concept of Authenticity: Heidegger's Educational Theory of Death and Birth
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본 논문은 최근 우리 사회에서 널리 사용되고 있는 용어로서 ‘authenticity’의 의미를 하이데거 존재론의 논의를 중심으로 검토해 보고자 한다. 하이데거의 용어로서의 ‘authenticity’는 일반적으로 ‘본래성’으로 번역되며, 이 용어에는 현존재의 본래적이지 않은 상태(즉, 비본래성)와의 대비가 들어있다. 따라서 본래성의 의미는 본래성을 상실한 상태가 어떤 것인가를 살펴봄으로써 일차적으로 밝혀질 수 있으며, 이 과정에서 본래성 개념에 내포된 하이데거의 강력한 교육학적 관심 또한 확인될 수 있다. 사실상, 본래성 개념은『존재와 시간』에 잠재적 형태로 들어 있는 하이데거의 교육이론에서 단연 핵심적인 지위를 차지한다.『존재와 시간』에서 본래성은 ‘선구적 결단’이라는 최종적 형태로 제시되며, ‘선구적 결단’은 현존재의 실존적 죽음과 탄생이라는 두 극적 계기를 포함하는 실존적 운동으로 이루어진다. 본래성을 향한 실존적 운동은 현존재로 하여금 자신이 거주하는 세계에 주관적 깊이와 무게를 부여하도록 만들며, 이것은 현존재 자신의 존재에 근본적인 변화를 초래한다. 본래성 개념이 갖는 교육학적 포인트는 바로 여기에 있다. 각자가 자신의 삶에서 주인이 되어야 한다는, 본래성 개념에 대한 낭만주의적 해석은 이 심각한 포인트를 놓치고 있다.『존재와 시간』에 나타난 본래성 개념은 인간의 삶은 그 전체가 자신의 본래성을 끊임없이 추구해가는 실천적 수행이 이루어지는 교육의 장이라는 것을 보여준다.
Abstract
In recent years our society has made frequent use of the term 'authenticity' in both everyday and academic linguistic contexts. This paper investigates the rich meanings of the concept of authenticity with particular reference to Martin Heidegger's use of the term in his magnum opus, Being and Time, and attempts to unfold Heidegger's deepest educational considerations on the nature of human beings and their truthful existence that the concept carries with it. What is essential to the concept of authenticity is the idea of 'one's own', and thus authenticity or authentic existence stands in stark contrast to inauthenticity or inauthentic existence in which one's own self is lost in the 'they', which in Being and Time stands for anonymous social norms and standards. A hasty, yet very common reading of the everydayness of human existence pictured in Being and Time, however, should be resisted. It is not argued that human existence is 'proximally and for the most part' inauthentic. Rather, inauthenticity should be taken as a particular condition in which Dasein finds itself when it somehow avoids the challenges of existential anxiety. In Being and Time, authenticity finds its fully developed form in 'forerunning resoluteness', which can be taken to mean 'readiness-for-anxiety' or 'readiness-for-existential death'. Existential death is a limit-situation in which Dasein cannot project itself upon any possible way to be since the world in which it operates collapses into total insignificance. In and through forerunning resoluteness, Dasein is existentially awakened and asked to be nonvolitionally resolute enough to be reborn. Then a moment of vision(Augenblick) befalls Dasein, and it experiences an emergence of a subjectively meaningful world. Whatever reborn Dasein does in this world truly belongs to its own self and thus can be said to be authentic. The concept of authenticity in Being and Time shows that the human life as a whole and in its every moment is an educational ground on which Dasein is always invited to the dramatic event of existential death and birth and thereby undergoes a radical transformation of its entire being.
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