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미국의 경제 제재 활용 동인(動因) 연구 – 대(對) 이라크 및 이란 제재를 중심으로

The Political Economy of US Economic Sanctions Against Iraq and Iran

한수진
한국세계지역학회 (The Korean Association Of Area Studies)|2023.12|세계지역연구논총 (The Korean Journal of Area Studies)|제41권 제4호|pp. 1-38|DOI 10.29159/KJAS.41.4.1

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키워드

미국United States이라크IraqIran이란Economic Sanctions관심 전환경제 제재Diversionary Theory
주제분류정치외교학

초록

전 세계적으로 경제 제재의 활용은 크게 증가해왔으며, 그중에서도 미국은 경제 제재를 가장 많이 활용하는 국가이다. 경제 제재의 실효성에 대한 논쟁에도 불구하고 미국이 경제 제재를 자주 활용하는 이유는 무엇일까? 본 연구는 미국이 경제 제재를 부과하는 동인은 반드시 외부에 있는 것은 아니며, 국내 정치적, 경제적 여건이 어떠한 과정을 통해 미국 정부로 하여금 경제 제재를 선택하도록 추동하는지를 밝히고자 하였다. 이를 위해 미국이 부과한 1990년 이라크 경제 제재와 2011년~2012년 이란 경제 제재를 대표 사례로 선정하여 비교 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 두 시기의 미국 행정부는 각기 다른 외교 환경에 놓여있었음에도 선거 시점과 경기 침체가 중복된 위기 상황에서 유권자들의 관심을 외부로 돌리기 위한 수단으로 경제 제재를 활용하는 공통적인 패턴을 보였다. 즉, 미국과 상대국 간의 긴장이 고조된 상황이라도 미국의 국내 정치경제적인 요인들이 작용하지 않는다면 미국은 경제 제재를 실행할 필요가 높아지지 않을 수 있다. 최근 수년째 국제적으로 안보 및 경제적 긴장이 높아지는 상황에서 미국의 경제 제재 활용을 추동할 수 있는 다양한 국내 요인들을 면밀히 관찰할 필요가 있다.

Abstract

The use of economic sanctions has increased significantly, and it is worth noting that the United States is the country that uses them the most. Why does the United States frequently use economic sanctions as a foreign policy tool despite decades of debate over the effectiveness of economic sanctions? This study suggests that the U.S. government's decision to impose economic sanctions is influenced by domestic political and economic factors and not necessarily by external pressures. To this end, economic sanctions against Iraq in 1990 and Iran in 2011 and 2012, both imposed by the United States, were selected as representative cases for comparative analysis. The U.S. administrations used economic sanctions to divert constituencies’ attention during times of election periods and economic downturns, even though they were in different diplomatic environments. In other words, even if tensions between the United States and its targets are high, the need for the United States to implement economic sanctions may not increase if domestic political and economic factors do not work. In this regard, it is necessary to closely observe various domestic factors that can drive the use of U.S. economic sanctions in the face of rising tensions between countries in the global economy and security sector in recent years.

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