Direct Surface Growth of Plasmonic Nanomaterials: A Novel Approach for SERS Sensing Applications
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Direct growth of plasmonic nanomaterials with controlled morphology, size, and spatial arrangement on the surfaceis an effective route to achieve robust surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensor performance. Traditional fabrication strategiesincluding seed-mediated and template-guided synthesis provide structural tunability but often require multistep processing andshow limited substrate compatibility. This review focuses on direct surface growth methods that form plasmonic nanoarchitecturesin situ on functional substrates. These approaches utilize substrate-adaptive chemical reactions to integrate synthesis and depositioninto a single step, promoting strong adhesion, uniform coverage, and consistent SERS hotspot formation. By supporting branched,hierarchical, or interconnected plasmonic domains, it improves analyte access and electromagnetic field confinement for enhancedRaman signal amplification. Compatibility with flexible or porous surfaces and the removal of postsynthetic transfer steps improvereproducibility and scalability of SERS substrates. In addition, clean surface conditions achieved by modifier-free protocols reducespectral interference and improve signal fidelity. These attributes collectively enable the development of reliable, quantitative SERSsensing platforms. The integration of such optimized substrates with advanced data processing and AI-assisted interpretation systemsfurther supports standardized plasmonic sensing workflows across diverse analytical environments.
Abstract
Direct growth of plasmonic nanomaterials with controlled morphology, size, and spatial arrangement on the surfaceis an effective route to achieve robust surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensor performance. Traditional fabrication strategiesincluding seed-mediated and template-guided synthesis provide structural tunability but often require multistep processing andshow limited substrate compatibility. This review focuses on direct surface growth methods that form plasmonic nanoarchitecturesin situ on functional substrates. These approaches utilize substrate-adaptive chemical reactions to integrate synthesis and depositioninto a single step, promoting strong adhesion, uniform coverage, and consistent SERS hotspot formation. By supporting branched,hierarchical, or interconnected plasmonic domains, it improves analyte access and electromagnetic field confinement for enhancedRaman signal amplification. Compatibility with flexible or porous surfaces and the removal of postsynthetic transfer steps improvereproducibility and scalability of SERS substrates. In addition, clean surface conditions achieved by modifier-free protocols reducespectral interference and improve signal fidelity. These attributes collectively enable the development of reliable, quantitative SERSsensing platforms. The integration of such optimized substrates with advanced data processing and AI-assisted interpretation systemsfurther supports standardized plasmonic sensing workflows across diverse analytical environments.