복지국가 제도와 남녀의 무급노동시간의 관계에 관한 비교연구
A Comparative Study on the Relation between Welfare State Policy and the Unpaid Work Time by Gender
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초록
이 연구는 남녀의 무급노동시간에 영향을 미치는 복지국가 제도 요인을 비교 관점에서 실증적으로 규명하고자 하는 연구이다. 복지국가의 제도, 정책이라는 거시적 요인과 개인 및 가구의 특성과 같은 미시적 요인들이 영유아 자녀를 둔 기혼남녀의 무급노동시간에 미치는 영향을 다층적으로 분석함으로써, 복지국가의 제도적 맥락과 무급노동시간의 젠더 배분의 관계에서 나타나는 역동성을 연구하고자 하였다. 분석은 다국가 시간사용조사(MTUS) 자료를 이용해 덴마크(2001년), 노르웨이(2000년), 영국(2000년), 미국(2003년), 프랑스(1998년), 독일(2001년), 네덜란드(2005년), 스페인(2002년), 한국(2009년) 총 9개 국가에 대해 다층분석(multi-level analysis)을 실시하였다. 실증분석 결과, 어린 자녀를 둔 기혼남녀의 무급노동시간에는 큰 격차가 존재했고, 국가별로 상당한 편차를 보였는데 한국과 덴마크는 양극단에 위치했다. 다층분석 결과는 남성의 무급노동시간 영향요인이 흥미롭고 정책적으로 시사하는 바가 큰데, 성역할규범이 평등한 사회, 전체 유급노동시간이 짧은 사회, 기혼여성의 고용수준이 높은 사회일수록, 남성의 무급노동시간이 긴 것으로나타났다. 여성의 경우 전체 유급노동시간이 짧은 사회일수록 무급노동시간이 길게 나타났고, 출산․양육휴가기간이 긴 국가일수록 영유아 자녀를 둔 기혼여성의 가사노동시간이 길게나타났다. 젠더불평등을 지속시키는 근본적인 요인으로 작용하는 무급노동시간의 배분을둘러싼 젠더불평등 문제를 해소하기 위해서는 남성의 무급노동시간을 늘릴 필요가 있는데,이 연구는 이를 위해 성역할 인식을 평등한 방향으로 변화시키고 전체 유급노동시간을 줄이기 위한 제도적 노력이 필요함을 제시한다.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to explore institutional factors as well as individuals’and couples’ characteristics that affect the unpaid work distribution by gender incomparative perspective. This study examined the influence of national context onunpaid work time of married men and women with young children. Analyses use the data from the Multinational Time Use Study(MTUS) for 9 countriesincluding Korea(spanning 1998 to 2009). It conducts a multi-level regression analysisto examine the effects of gender norms, total paid work time, employment rateof married women, enrollment rate in publicly-funded child care, length of maternityand parental leave while controlling for individual attributes of age, education,employment status, weekly working time, number of children. It is interesting thatmen’s unpaid work time increase in the societies with equal gender ideology andnorm, reduced total working time and high employment level of married women. On the contrary, women’s unpaid work time increase in the societies with reducedtotal working time and long parental leave.
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