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1999∼2019년 미성년 자녀를 둔 부부의 유급-무급노동시간 및 분담율 변화와 영향요인

Changes and Influencing Factors in Paid-Unpaid Work Hours in Couples with Minor Children, 1999-2019

송다영|이혜정
한국사회정책학회 (Korean Association of Social Policy)|2023.03|한국사회정책 (Korea Social Policy Review)|제30권 제1호|pp. 159-188|DOI 10.17000/kspr.30.1.202303.159

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참고문헌

키워드

gender equality생활시간조사젠더평등무급노동시간 분배무급노동분담율distribution of unpaid work hourskorea time use surveyshare rate of unpaid work

초록

본 연구는 1차(1999년)∼5차(2019년)에 이르는 생활시간조사를 활용하여 미성년 자녀를 둔 부부의 남편과 부인 유급노동시간과 무급노동시간 변화 추이를 살펴보고, 무급노동시간량과 무급노동분담률의 영향요인을 분석하였다. 지난 20년간 무급노동시간량과 분담율 변화를 살펴보면 우선, 남편의 경우 평일 유급노동시간은 느리게 감소하였으나 주말 유급노동시간은 2014년부터 빠르게 감소하였다. 평일 가사･돌봄시간은 서서히 증가하였고, 주말에는 가파르게 증가하였다. 특히 평일 무급노동분담율은 1999년 8.5%, 2019년 15.6%로, 주말에는 같은 기간 13.5%에서 27.1%로 증가하였으며 평일의 불평등한 무급시간 분배를 주말에 벌충하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 부인의 경우 평일 유급노동시간은 증가하고 가사･돌봄시간은 전반적으로 감소하였다. 2004년, 2009년, 2014년, 2019년 미성년 자녀를 둔 부부쌍의 데이터를 Pooling하여 가사･돌봄시간과 남편무급노동분담율 영향요인을 자원요인, 시간가용요인, 젠더이데올로기요인, 적응지체요인으로 구분하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 남편의 경우 평일에는 시간가용요인이 가사시간, 돌봄시간, 무급노동분담율에 모두 유의하였으며, 자원요인･젠더이데올로기요인･적응지체요인 중 일부 변인이 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 주말에는 자원요인 중에서는 소득변인의 유의성이 전반적으로 사라지고 남편 교육수준이 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 특히 남편 본인 유급노동시간과 성역할태도의 영향력이 일관되게 나타났다. 부인의 평일 가사･돌봄노동시간에는 자원요인･시간가용요인･젠더이데올로기요인･적응지체요인의 일부 변인이 유의하게 나타났다. 젠더이데올로기요인 중 남편 성역할태도는 가사시간에, 본인 성역할태도는 돌봄시간에 영향을 미쳤다. 주말에는 가사시간에 대한 자원요인의 유의성은 사라졌고 돌봄시간에는 부인교육수준과 남편소득만이 유의했다. 남편 성역할태도, 본인 성역할태도가 가사시간에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 연구결과를 바탕으로 생활세계에서 유급노동-무급노동 분배의 젠더불평등 원인에 대한 분석과 정책적 함의를 제시하였다.

Abstract

This study uses the 1st (1999) to 5th (2019) KTUS(Korea Time use survey)to examine the changes in paid working hours and unpaid working hours of husbands and wives of couples with underage children, and the amount of unpaid working hours. and the factors affecting the unpaid labor share were analyzed. Weekday paid work hours of husbands with minor children decreased slowly, while weekend paid work hours decreased rapidly from 2014. Unpaid work hours on weekdays increased slowly, but increased rapidly on weekends. In particular, the share of unpaid hours on weekdays increased from 8.5% in 1999 to 15.6% in 2019, and on weekends it increased to 15.6% to 27.1%, a significant change. It can be seen as making up for the unequal distribution of unpaid hours on weekdays on weekends. For wives with minor children, paid work hours on weekdays increased, while unpaid, housework, care hours decreased. Tobit regression analysis showed. On weekdays for husbands, time availability factors were all significant at housework hours, caregiving hours and unpaid labor sharing rate. And some variables in the resource factor, gender ideology factor, and adaptation delay factor were significant. On weekends, among the resource factors, the overall significance of the income variable disappeared and the influence of the husband’s education level was confirmed. In particular, the influence of husband’s paid labor hours and gender role attitudes were consistent. For wives’ weekday housework and caregiving hours, some variables in the resource factor, time availability factor, gender ideology factor, and adaptation delay factor were significant. The husband’s gender role attitude influenced the housework time and the wife’s gender role attitude influenced the caregiving hours. On weekends, the significance of resource factors for housework hours disappeared, and only wife’s education level and husband’s income were significant for caregiving time. Husband’s gender role attitudes and own gender role attitudes influenced housework hours. Based on the findings, we analyze the causes of gender inequality in the distribution of paid and unpaid labor in life world and suggest policy implications.

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