17세기 네덜란드 아동초상화에 재현된 놀이의 사회적 의미
Social Meanings of Children’s Plays Represented in the 17th-Century Netherlandish Children’s Portraits
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아동초상화의 놀이장면에 대한 일반적 해석은 훈육의 필요성과 같은 보편적이고 상징적인 의미에 주목한다. 그러나 기존 해석이 상징에 천착할수록 실제 놀이가 행해지던 동시대 네덜란드의 사회적, 문화적 현실은 도외시하는 경향을 보여 준다. 가령 17세기 네덜란드 사회에서 아동놀이는 본격적인 학습이 시작되는 나이부터는 금해야 하는 것으로 취급받았음에도 불구하고 동시대에 생산된 수많은 초상화들은 놀이에 몰두한 학습적령기의 아동들을 보여 준다. 아동초상화는 아동 자신의 필요를 반영하는 것이 아니라 그의 보호자 즉 부모들의 관심과 욕구를 투사한다. 보호자의 요구에 의해 아동이 초상화로 재현된다면 부모는 그들의 자녀가 성장과정에서 마땅히 체득 또는 실현해 주기를 바라는 개성, 가치관, 혹은 직업상을 자녀의 초상화 이미지에 결부시키려 할 것이다. 이 사실은 17세기 네덜란드 아동초상화에서 놀이와 장난감이 빈번히 등장한 이유를 세 가지 측면에서 설명해 준다. 첫째, 아동초상화에 재현된 놀이도구는 해당 아동들의 생물학적, 사회적 정체성을 명확히 한다. 여기에는 아동의 성별, 나이, 발육 단계뿐 아니라 해당 아동이 속한 가문의 사회적 위치까지 포함한다. 둘째, 놀이가 7세 이상의 아동 교육에 장애가 된다는 17세기 네덜란드 사회의 세속적 가치관에도 불구하고 아동이 초상화로 재현될 경우 놀이장면이나 장난감은 해당 아동에게 당시 사회의 세속적 가치관 또는 부모가 바라는 미래상을 표현할 수 있게 만드는 몇 안 되는 선택 중 하나였을 것이다. 셋째, 그럼에도 불구하고 이 시기에 표현된 놀이와 장난감은 엠블럼집에서 유행했던 것처럼 도덕적, 교육적 교훈을 표상하는 것에 덧붙여 당대의 시대상, 지배적 이념을 직간접적으로 드러내는 새로운 역할을 부여받았다.
Abstract
This study examines the societal and cultural meanings implicated in the children’s plays that the seventeenth-century Dutch paintings portrayed. The art historical researches have tended to regard the minors’ plays as pedagogical metaphors: for instance, top-spinning symbolizing parental discipline. It is true that the sixteenth-century Dutch society endorsed the playgames as a functional device for child education. But their popularity waned toward the end of the next century when juvenile plays as well as toys became associated with immaturity and considered unsuitable for the youths of a marriageable age. However, this study notes that the minors engaged in outdoor activities and playthings frequently appeared in the genre paintings, especially the children’s portraits at the time, begging questions about the objects’ renewed meanings. The present essay proposes that the plays and toys should be considered reflecting the common values and shared beliefs of Dutch society of the day. To prove the point, this essay analyzes a few pieces of child portrait which show children playing with rattles, colf clubs, and dolls. In these works the playthings not merely accentuate the vivacity of the children, but also regulate their social statuses, their legitimate gender roles, and their future occupations aspired by their parents. In the late seventeenth century Dutches were devoted to nation building, while the general principles underlying family life, public education, and gender roles called for re-conceptualization for realization of the collective goal. Therefore, this study concludes, it is such worldly views in transition that the children’s plays signify in the paintings.
참고문헌 (54)
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