본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

광기와 통제: 20세기 초 미국의 정신이상 이민자 여성 추방 사례

Madness and Control: Deportation of Insane Immigrant Women from the U.S. at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

신지혜
이주사학회 (Korean Society for Migration History)|2016.05|호모미그란스-이주, 식민주의, 인종주의 (Homo Migrans-Migration, Colonialism, Racism)|제14권 |pp. 56-81

0

조회

0

다운로드

4

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

immigrant womenreproductioninsanity재생산정신병추방deportation이민여성엘리스 섬 이민국Ellis Island Immigration Station

초록

본 논문은 19세기 말에서 20세기 초 미국 내 여성의 정신병과 재생산능력의 관계, 엘리스 섬 이민국의 정신병 검사, 그리고 유럽 출신 이민자여성의 이민 제한 및 정신병 관련 추방 사례를 통해 이민 담론과 정신병담론이 수렴되는 과정을 살펴본다. 당시 이민국의 의료 검사와 추방— 특히 정신병과 관련된 경우—은 미국 사회에 팽배했던 이민자 여성의재생산 능력에 대한 두려움과 여성의 경제 및 노동 능력에 대한 우려를반영했다. 미국 정부는 이민자 여성의 광기를 통제함으로써 이민 제한과추방의 편리한 기준을 마련할 수 있었다. 동시에 엘리스 섬의 정신병 관련추방 사례는 이민자 여성이 광기의 통제 과정을 인지하고 있었으며, 비록추방을 피하지 못했어도 이민과 이주를 둘러싼 제재에서 벗어나고자노력했음을 보여준다.

Abstract

Examining links between female insanity and reproductive power, mental examinations at the Ellis Island Immigration Station, and insanity-related deportation cases of European immigrant women, this essay delineates the ways in which the discourses of immigration and insanity converged in the U.S. at the turn of the twentieth century. The Immigration Bureau’s medical inspection and deportation, particularly for insanity, revealed that American society feared immigrant women’s reproductive power and doubted their ability to work and make a living. In controlling female immigrants and their alleged madness, the U.S. government found a convenient means to restrict immigration and facilitate deportation. At the same time, Ellis Island deportation cases involving insanity demonstrate that immigrant women were aware of the control over their mental conditions and, even when they failed to escape deportation, continued to fight the constraints upon their migration and mobility.

참고문헌 (62)

  1. Thomas W. Salmon, "Relation of Immigration to the Prevalence of Insanity", American Journal of Insanity, pp.54~ (1907)
  2. O. Odegaard, "Emigration and Insanity", Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica, 4, pp.1~205 (1932)
  3. Hasia R. Diner, "Erin’s Daughters in America: Irish Immigrant Women in the Nineteenth Century", pp.110~ (1983), The Johns Hopkins University Press
  4. Maureen Perkins, "Thoroughly Modern Mulatta: Rethinking ”Old World“ Stereotypes in a ”New World“ Setting", 28(1), pp.104~ (2005)
  5. Laura Briggs, "The Race of Hysteria: “Overcivilization” and the “Savage” Woman in Late Nineteenth-Century Obstetrics and Gynecology", American Quarterly, 52(2), pp.246~273 (2000)
  6. Andrew Scull, "Hysteria: The Disturbing History" (2011), Oxford University Press
  7. Alan M. Kraut, "Silent Travelers: Germs, Genes, and the “Immigrant Menace" (1994), The Johns Hopkins University Press
  8. Howard Markel, "When Germs Travel: Six Major Epidemics that Have Invaded America and the Fears They Have Unleashed" (2004), Pantheon Books
  9. Amy Fairchild, "Science at the Borders: Immigrant Medical Inspection and the Shaping of the Modern Industrial Labor Force" (2003), The Johns Hopkins University Press
  10. Nayan Shah, "Contagious Divides: Epidemics and Race in San Francisco’s Chinatown" (2001), University of California Press
  11. Deidre M. Moloney, "National Insecurities: Immigrants and U.S. Deportation Policy Since 1882" (2012), The University of North Carolina Press
  12. Alan M. Kraut, "Huddled Masses: The Immigrant in American Society", pp.59~ (1982), Harlan Davidson
  13. Sander Gilman, "Difference and Pathology: Stereotypes of Sexuality, Race, and Madness", pp.71~ (1985), Cornell University Press
  14. Donna Gabaccia, "From the Other Side: Women, Gender, and the Immigrant Life in the U.S." (1994), Indiana University Press
  15. Deirdre M. Moloney, "Women, Sexual Morality, and Economic Dependency in Early U.S. Deportation Policy", Journal of Women’s History, 18(2), pp.95~122 (2006)
  16. Molone, "National Insecurities", 33~
  17. Thomas Szasz, "A Lexicon of Lunacy: Metaphoric Malady, Moral Responsibilities, and Psychiatry", pp.46~ (1993), Transaction Publishers
  18. Andrew Scull, ": A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine" (2007), Yale University Press
  19. Mary de Young, "Madness: An American History of Mental Illness and Its Treatment" (2010), McFarland
  20. Edwin Robert Walker, "Forms Concerning the Commitment of Patients to the New Jersey State Hospitals at the Authority and Direction of the Boards of Managers of the State Hospitals" (1898), The Brandt Press
  21. Alfred Gordon, "Insanity and Divorce", Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology 5, (4) (1914)
  22. "U.S. Public Health Service, Manual of the Mental Examination of Aliens" (1918), Government Printing Office
  23. The New Jersey State Hospital Annual Report, , New Jersey State Archives, 43~44 (1910)
  24. Elaine Showalter, "The Female Malady: Women, Madness, and English Culture", pp.1830~1980 (1985), Pantheon Books
  25. Nancy M. Theriot, "Women’s Voices in 19th-Century Medical Discourse: A Step toward Deconstructing Science", Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 19(11), pp.1~30 (1993)
  26. Suellen Hoy, "Chasing Dirt: The American Pursuit of Cleanliness", pp.87~121 (1995), Oxford University Press
  27. Nancy Tomes, "The Gospel of Germs: Men, Women, and the Microbe in American Life" (1998), Harvard University Press
  28. Kate Holladay Claghorn, "The Immigrant’s Day in Court", Harper & Bros., pp.306~ (1923)
  29. Mary Ann Jimenez, "Changing Face of Madness: Early American Attitudes and Treatment of the Insane", University Press of New England (1987)
  30. Horace G. Wetherill, "The Insane and the Asylums" (1892), Mac-Crellish & Quigley
  31. "“Hope to Lessen Our Big Burden of Insane Aliens” (n.d.) File 52424", 1,Entry 9, RG 85, NARA
  32. Gordon, "Insanity and Divorce", 553~
  33. Birth Control Review, "Margaret Sanger", ~ (1919)
  34. Dorothy Roberts, "Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty" (1999), Vintage
  35. Elizabeth Lunbeck, "The Psychiatric Persuasion: Knowledge, Gender, and Power in Modern America" (1994), Princeton University Press
  36. David Roediger, "The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class" (1991), Verso
  37. Noel Ignatiev, "How the Irish Became White" (1995), Routledge
  38. Ian Haney-Lopez, "White by Law: The Legal Construction of Race" (1996), New York University Press
  39. Karen Brodkin, "How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says about Race in America" (1998), Rutgers University Press
  40. Peter Kolchin, "Whiteness Studies: The New History of Race in America", The Journal of American History, 89(1), pp.154~173 (2002)
  41. Alan M. Kraut, "“Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service: Series A: Subject Correspondence Files" (1995), University Publications of America
  42. Howard Markel, "““The Eyes Have It”: Trachoma, the Perception of Disease, the United States Public Health Service, and the American Jewish Immigration Experience, 1897-1924", Bulletin of History of Medicine, 74 (2000)
  43. Claghorn, "Immigrant’s Day", pp.307~
  44. "Letter dated October 8, 1923 to U.S. Department of Labor, File 54951", Gen, Entry 9, RG 85, NARA, DC
  45. Kraut, "Silent Travelers", pp.71~
  46. Fiorello H. La Guardia, "The Making of an Insurgent: An Autobiography", pp.65~ (1948), J. B. Lippincott Company
  47. Grace Abbot, "The Immigrant and the Community", pp.188~ (1917), The Century Co
  48. Moloney, "Women, Sexual Morality", pp.117~
  49. William Williams, "File 52516", 1, Entry 9, RG 85, NARA, DC
  50. Jane Perry Clark Carey, "Deportation of Aliens from the United States to Europe" (1969), Arno Press
  51. "File 51967", 205, Entry 9, RG 85, NARA, DC.
  52. "File 51967", 204
  53. "File 51967", 219
  54. "“Brutality in Ellis Island", New York Evening Journal, 9(85) (1911)
  55. "File 51967", 210, Entry 9, RG 85, NARA, DC
  56. "File 51967", 211
  57. "File 51967", 214
  58. "File 51967", 207
  59. "File 51967", 208
  60. "File 51967", 217
  61. "“Put up the Bars on Immigrants”, File 52516", 1, Entry 9, RG 85, NARA, DC
  62. "File 51967", 204, Entry 9, RG 85, NARA, DC

관련 논문AI추천

20세기 초 미국의 정신이상 외국인(alien insane)과 이주장치 ― 증기선 회사와 사회복지단체를 통해 “삶의 복잡다단한 면” 살펴보기 ―신지혜이화사학연구소 · 이화사학연구2023 · 제66호'위험한 관계': 미국 남성 이민자의 섹슈얼리티와 정신질환, 1890년~1930년신지혜한국아메리카학회 · 미국학 논집2021 · 제53권 제1호“Insanity Is the Price of Modern Civilization”: Asian Immigration, Civilization, and “Oriental Psychology” in Modern America신지혜대한의사학회 · 의사학2021 · 제30권 제1호한국 전쟁 이후 정신보건 영역과 여성 몸에 대한 통제황지성한국여성사학회 · 여성과 역사2023 · 제39호‘불구’의 정치를 허하라! - 미국사 속 장애, 인종, 젠더의 교차성 연구 경향과 전망 -김인선한국여성사학회 · 여성과 역사2024 · 제41호여성 이민 담론을 통해 본 19세기 중엽 영국 식민지로의 여성 이민이민경영국사학회 · 영국연구2014 · 제32호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (4건)

이주와 여성의 깨어나기나혜심pp. 5-34프랑스 기업 내의 이주여성노동자들의 고용불평등 실태최향란pp. 35-55근대 미국의 “불법 이민” 형성과 합법화의 대안 사이에서: 1920년대 이후 멕시코 이민관련 정책을 중심으로권은혜pp. 82-102대중가요에 나타난 이주와 이산: 초창기에서 1980년대까허부문pp. 103-145
원문 보기