인도네시아 반다 지방사에 나타난 자율성과 민족주의적 사관 고찰
Autonomous and Nationalist Historical Narratives of Banda, Indonesia
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인도네시아의 중부 말루꾸주에 위치한 반다제도에서는 1621년에 네덜란드 동인도회사가 일으킨 대학살로 말미암아 원주민이 거의 사라지고 타지에서 온 이주민들이 육두구 대농장에 투입되었다. 이후 외부 관찰자들은 반다의 토착 역사는 사라졌다고 판단했다. 그러나 식민 시기인 20세기 초에 지어진 「히까얏 반다 론또르」라고 불리는 역사 기록물과 현대에 복구된 역사적 장소 및 새로 세워진 기념물 등에 얽힌 내러티브를 분석해보면 토착 역사는 살아남았다. 이 토착 역사는 이주민들을 반다인이라는 새로운 종족으로 구축해 내는 데 중심적인 역할을 한 것으로 보인다. 데스 알위와 같은 현대의 지식인들은 토착 역사를 식민 저항적이고 민족주의적인 내러티브로 해석하여 전시했다. 데스 알위는 반다 학살의 희생자인 44명의 오랑까야(마을 수장)에 대한 기억을 전시 대상화함으로써 그들을 반식민 저항의 아이콘으로 만들었다. 또한 20세기 초에 반다에 유배 온 민족주의자들에 대한 기억을 대대적으로 강조함으로써 반다인들이 민족주의적인 기류에서 벗어나 있는 것이 아님을 암묵적으로 선전했다. 반다 지방사 구축에 대한 연구는 인도네시아의 여러 지방에서 지방사가 어떻게 국가의 민족주의적 메타내러티브 속에 부합하도록 재구축되는가를 보여주는 사례라 할 수 있다.
Abstract
The Banda Islands, located in Central Maluku, Indonesia, experienced a near extinction of its indigenous population following the massacre instigated by the Dutch East India Company in 1621. As a result, migrant workers from various parts of the world replaced original settlers in cultivating the precious nutmeg spices. Although foreign observers later assumed that the indigenous history of Banda had disappeared, an analysis of historical records, such as the Hikayat Banda Lonthoir, written during the early 20th century colonial period, along with narratives associated with restored monuments and places in modern times, suggests that Banda's indigenous history survived and played a central role in shaping the migrant workers into a new ethnic identity known as the Bandanese. Furthermore, these historical fragments were interpreted by intellectuals like Des Alwi as part of anti-colonial and nationalist narratives. Des Alwi, by memorializing the 44 orang kaya (village leaders) who were the victims of the Banda Massacre, transformed them into icons of anti-colonial resistance. He also heavily emphasized the memory of nationalists exiled to Banda in the early 20th century, implicitly promoting the idea that the Bandanese were not isolated from nationalist currents. Research on the construction of Banda’s local history serves as an example of how local histories across Indonesia have been reconstructed to align with the nation’s overarching nationalist meta-narratives.
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