세종 대 왕비 책봉례의 변천과 책봉 공간
Changes in the Investiture Ceremony for Queens and the Venue during the Reign of King Sejong
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세종 대는 1418년(세종 즉위년)과 1432년(세종 14) 두 차례 왕비 책봉례가 각각 창덕궁과 경복궁에서 행해졌고, 이를 이어 『세종실록오례』의 ｢책비의(冊妃儀)｣로 상정(詳定)되었다. 서술방식과 내용에서 1418년과 1432년은 대체로 비슷하고, 『세종실록오례』는 크게 변화되었고 큰 변동 없이 『국조오례의』로 이어졌다. 1418년의 책봉 공간은 내전으로 이는 침전이 아니라 후일 선정전이 되는 내전이었다. 당시 궁궐 문의 명칭은 없었지만 의주에 나오는 '궁문'은 '숙장문'과 '연영문', '전남문'은 '선정문', '전문'은 '융례문'으로 추정하였다. 명부는 책명사가 전문으로 가기 전에 수책 처소로 들어갔는데, 이는 선정전의 구조상 동선이 겹치기 때문으로 보았다. 1432년 『실록』과 『세종실록오례』의 책봉 공간은 경복궁 강녕전일 가능성이 있으며, 1432년 『실록』의 의주에 ‘전문’과 ‘왕비전 정남문’은 강녕전 앞문인 '향오문', ‘왕비정문’은 '사정문'으로 보았다. 또 『세종실록오례』의 ‘정전문’・‘정전합’・‘합’은 '향오문'이며, ‘궁문’은 '사정문'으로 보았다. 다만 경복궁의 책봉 처소가 사정전일 가능성도 고려해야 한다고 보았다. 이는 1432년의 ‘승여(乘輿) 입내(入內)’와 ‘환침(還寢)’의 표현에서 사정전에서 수책 후에 침전인 강녕전으로 돌아갔을 수 있다고 추정하였다. 또 ‘수책정침’의 ‘정침’이 침전인 강녕전을 칭할 수 있겠지만, 수책 처소의 중요함을 강조하는 의미에서 정침으로 표현했을 수 있다고 보았다. 다만 『세종실록오례』에 ‘승여’는 빠지고 ‘환내(還內)’만 있는 이유는 사정전에서 강녕전으로 갈 때 여를 타기에는 멀지 않은 공간이어서 이를 반영한 것으로 추정하였다. 사정전이 수책처소라면 고종 대 중건된 경복궁과는 다르게 조선 초기에는 사정전과 근정전 사이에 문은 2개여야 하는 문제가 있으며, 사정전과 근정전 사이의 이중 행랑에 각각의 문이 있어야 한다.
Abstract
During the reign of King Sejong, two investiture ceremonies were held for two successive queens at Changdeokgung Palace and Gyeongbokgung Palace in 1418 (the first year of his reign) and in 1432 (the 14th year of his reign), respectively, at which time the manual on the investiture ceremony for a queen was published as Chaekbiui (Ceremonial Procedure for Investing a Queen) in the Chapter on the Five State Rites in the Annals of King Sejong. The narrative style and content of the records about the ceremonies held in 1418 and 1432 are mostly similar. However, the contents in the Chapter on the Five State Rites in the Annals of King Sejongunderwent great changes compared to previous ceremonies, and they were passed on to theFive Rites of the State (Gukjo oryeui) without significant changes. The venue that was used for the investiture of 1418 was the inner palace, which was not bad chamber as it later became Seonjeongjeon Hall. Although there were no specific names for the gates of Changdeokgung Palace at that time, those mentioned in the Record of Royal Ceremony Procedures (Uiju)are presumed to be Sukjangmun Gate and Yeonyeongmun Gate, while Jeonnamnun (South Gate) is presumed to be Seonjeongmun Gate, and Jeonmun (main gate) to be Yungnyemun Gate. The prospective queen would have gone to the hall used to receive the king’s order for the investiture before the Chaengmyeongsa(the civil official charged with delivering the king's order) entered the main gate, because of the overlapping routes within Seonjeongjeon Hall. The venue that was used for the investiture of 1432 and is referred to in the Chapter on the Five State Rites in the Annals of King Sejong is considered likely to have been Gangnyeongjeon Hall at Gyeongbokgung Palace. The Record of Royal Ceremony Procedures (Uiju)from the record of 1432 mentions the main gate (Jeonmun) and the south gate (Jeongnammun) of the queen’s hall, which are believed to have been “Hyang-o-mun,” in other words the front gate of Gangnyeongjeon Hall, and “Sajeongmun Gate,” respectively. In addition, the names Jeongjeonmun, Jeongjeonhap, and Hap, which appear in the Chapter on the Five State Rites in the Annals of King Sejong, are believed to refer to “Hyang-o-mun,” while Gungmun is believed to refer to “Sajeongmun Gate.” However, there is a possibility that the venue used for the investiture ceremony at Gyeongbokgung Palace was Sajeongjeon Hall, given that the following two phrases written in the record of 1432, namely “…a royal cart entered the palace…” and “….returned to the bed chamber…,” suggest that the queen received the king’s order for her investiture at Sajeongjeon Hall and then returned to the bed chamber, namely Gangnyeongjeon Hall. Furthermore, the word “jeongchim” in “Suchaek jeongchim” could have referred to Gangnyeongjeon Hall, the bed chamber, in which the king’s order (suchaek) was received, but it is considered that “jeongchim” was used to refer to “the main hall” to emphasize the importance of the receipt of the king’s order. However, it is presumed that the phrase “a royal cart” was omitted and only “(the queen) returned to the hall” was mentioned in the Chapter on the Five State Rites in the Annals of King Sejong because it is not far to travel by cart from Sajeongjeon Hall to Gangnyeongjeon Hall. If, however, Sajeongjeon Hall was used to receive the king’s order for the queen’s investiture, then unlike Gyeongbokgung Palace, which was rebuilt during the reign of King Gojong, there must have been two gates between Sajeongjeon Hall and Geunjeongjeon Hall in the early Joseon period, and each of the double corridors between these two halls must have had its own gate.