이집트 신왕사상의 기원과 발전
Origins and Development of the Egyptian Divine Kingship Ideology
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It is well-known tradition that the Egyptian rulers had been regarded as the earthly deities since the inception of the first dynasty. The origins of the pharaonic deification could be sought through their specific titulary systems including Serekhs and Cartouches. As a royal emblem, serekh signifies the palace façade motif composed of a square and including pharaoh’s names and lined parts inside. As far as a falcon is added on top of the serekh, it seems that Horus had become the protecting deity for the Egyptian kingship even during the Predynstic Period. During the 3rd dynasty, however, cartouche which symbolizing the earthly sphere of the sun god Ra’s radiation had replaced serekh. With the introduction of a new title ‘Son of Ra’ in the 4th dynasty pharaohs could had been worshipped as divine beings equivalent of the sun god Ra. The Egyptian myth of kingship which focused on struggles between Horus and Seth had been originated from the death and the resurrection of Osiris. The fact that Horus finally came to the throne after defeating Seth alludes the kingship as a power to gain a control over the evil. In terms of religious rituals, the divine kingship is renewed through the royal festivals of Opet and Sed. The Opet festival saw the pharaoh traveling to the temple of Luxor in order for his father Amun to give him the powers of kingship as the living Horus falcon. By the New Kingdom, the intimate connection between Amun and pharaoh was solidified in official state religion by this festival. Whenever the statue of Amun visits the Luxor temple the pharaoh has been declared as the son of Amun and the queen mother. This kind of rejuvenation of the kingship is more clearly expressed in the Sed festival through pharaoh’s symbolic performance of running across his territory. The fact that the pyramids were built as petrified emblems of the sun-god Ra beginning with the 4th dynasty suggests a direct connection with the divine kingship. We can find another architectural aspect of the divine kingship in the so called “mortuary temples”. Not only the funeral ceremonies but also the ruler worship of the deceased kings had been carried out in these temples.
Abstract
It is well-known tradition that the Egyptian rulers had been regarded as the earthly deities since the inception of the first dynasty. The origins of the pharaonic deification could be sought through their specific titulary systems including Serekhs and Cartouches. As a royal emblem, serekh signifies the palace façade motif composed of a square and including pharaoh’s names and lined parts inside. As far as a falcon is added on top of the serekh, it seems that Horus had become the protecting deity for the Egyptian kingship even during the Predynstic Period. During the 3rd dynasty, however, cartouche which symbolizing the earthly sphere of the sun god Ra’s radiation had replaced serekh. With the introduction of a new title ‘Son of Ra’ in the 4th dynasty pharaohs could had been worshipped as divine beings equivalent of the sun god Ra. The Egyptian myth of kingship which focused on struggles between Horus and Seth had been originated from the death and the resurrection of Osiris. The fact that Horus finally came to the throne after defeating Seth alludes the kingship as a power to gain a control over the evil. In terms of religious rituals, the divine kingship is renewed through the royal festivals of Opet and Sed. The Opet festival saw the pharaoh traveling to the temple of Luxor in order for his father Amun to give him the powers of kingship as the living Horus falcon. By the New Kingdom, the intimate connection between Amun and pharaoh was solidified in official state religion by this festival. Whenever the statue of Amun visits the Luxor temple the pharaoh has been declared as the son of Amun and the queen mother. This kind of rejuvenation of the kingship is more clearly expressed in the Sed festival through pharaoh’s symbolic performance of running across his territory. The fact that the pyramids were built as petrified emblems of the sun-god Ra beginning with the 4th dynasty suggests a direct connection with the divine kingship. We can find another architectural aspect of the divine kingship in the so called “mortuary temples”. Not only the funeral ceremonies but also the ruler worship of the deceased kings had been carried out in these temples.
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