한국어 조각의문문에 대한 소고
Notes on Fragmentary Questions in Korean
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초록
생성문법(Generative Grammar)에서는 영어의 생략구문 연구에서 Merchant(2001, 2004, 2006)가 제안하는 이동 후 생략(movement and deletion)의 접근법을 통해 절 생략(Clusal Ellipsis), 시제구 생략(TP Ellipsis), 동사구 생략(VP Ellipsis), 명사구 생략(NP Ellipsis) 등 다양한 생략 현상을 통합된 이론으로 설명하고자 한다. Maeda(2019)는 Rizzi(1997)가 주장하는 지도 분석(a cartographic analysis)에 따라 일본어 조각 의문문이 좌분지(left periphery)에서 형성됨을 보이며, 조각의문문은 좌분지로 이동을 하고, 그 후에 시제구(TP)가 생략되어 이미 이동을 겪은 조각의문문은 생략되지 않고 남는다고 분석한다. 실제로 발화(Spell out) 되는 것은 조각문 형식을 취하고 있지만 사실상 해석을 위해서는 전체 문장(a full-fledged clausal interpretation)이 필요하다는 것이 조각문의 중요한 특징이며, 이는 Morgan(1973,1979), Park(2005), Ahn and Cho(2006), Nichigauchi(2006, 2010, 2011), Merchant(2001, 2004, 2006) 등 많은 학자들의 연구에서 입증된 바 있다. 본 연구에서는, 한국어 조각의문문(Fragmentary questions, FQs)의 특성을 분석하고, 이에 따른 격(Case), 결속(Binding), 문미에 소사‘-요’(Particles in Korean Fragmentary Questions)가 나타나는 현상을 통해 연결성 효과(Connectivity Effect)를 제시하며, 한국어 조각의문문에 나타나는 다음의 통사적 특성을 제안하고자 한다. 첫째, 한국어 조각의문문은 생략된 부분이 발음은 되지 않지만, 문장 전체를 수반하는데, 이를 통해 생략된 부분에도 통사 구조가 존재함을 알 수 있다. 또한, 한국어 조각의문문은 대조 주제화(Contrastive Topic)되어, 좌분지의 가장자리(Top Foc P)로 이동을 하여 의문사구(Wh-phrase)보다 더 상위에 존재한다. 본고에서는 한국어 조각의문문의 통사적 구조를 도식화하여 제안한다. 이를 통해, 한국어 조각의문문은 생성문법에서 영어의 생략 구조 연구에서 중심이 되는 이동 후 생략의 접근법에 잘 부합하여 설명이 가능함을 보이고자 한다. 그리하여, 영어의 생략 구문과 통합된 방식으로 한국어 조각의문문을 분석하여, 이론의 최소화에도 기여하고자 한다.
Abstract
In this paper, I present some properties of Fragment Questions (FQ) in Korean. The implication pointed by connectivity effects would seem to be : (i) there exists syntactic structure inside ellipsis sites, but it is unpronounced. (ii) Remnants in FQs in Korean are considered as a Contrastive Topic. (ⅲ) Remnants in FQs in Korean moves to a higher position than a (covert) wh-phrase. Ellipsis phenomena cover a range of constructions, such as predicate ellipsis, ellipsis in the nominal phrase and clausal ellipses found in sluicing, gapping, fragment answers. In this paper, we primarily focus on a fragment. Specifically, considerable attention is paid to how to derive a fragmentary expression that nonetheless yields a full-fledged clausal interpretation. Maeda(2019) presents that such topic-marked remnants in FQs in Japanese are constructed as a contrastive topic of the interrogative clause, and such a fragmentary expression with a contrastive topic remnant is derived by deleting a full-fledged interrogative clause. Armed with Maeda(2019), Maeda and Jeon(2019) following Merchant(2001, 2004), among others, we assume that Top-FocP projects above FocP in the left periphery, a remnant moves to a higher position than a (covert) wh-phrase in Fragment Questions Korean. In analogy with fragment answer (FA) to sluicing, Merchant(2004:675) argues that FA in fact involves a full-fledged structure, in which the fragment moves from within TP to a clause-peripheral position, Spec FP, headed by F containing [E](elide) feature, prior to the constituent TP ellipsis. This paper shows that the notion of fragment in English also applies to fragmentary questions in Korean, so-called FQ. The derivation of FQ in Korean can be assimilated to that of FA in English, involving focus movement and TP ellipsis. For explicitness, we suggest the structure of the left periphery for FQs in Korean.
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