스페인과 미국의 신협 회계규제 및 자본규제:조합원출자금을 중심으로
Accounting and Capital Regulations of Financial Cooperatives in Spain and the US:With a Focus on Member Shares
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초록
본 논문은 조합원출자금을 중심으로 스페인 신협의 미국 신협의 회계규제와 자본규제를 고찰하였다. 스페인의 세 개 신협금융그룹은 EU-IFRS에 따라 연결재무제표를 작성하며, 별도재무제표는 스페인중앙은행이 제정한 기준을 따르지만 기본적으로 EU-IFRS와 크게 다르지 않다. 스페인은 신협법 개정을 통해 EU-IFRS 하에서 조합원출자금이 자본으로 분류되도록 하고 있으며, 이에 따라 건전성규제자본비율 계산 시 출자금은 보통주자본으로 간주된다. 한편, 미국 신협은 자회사에 대한 투자한도 제한으로 연결재무제표를 작성하지는 않으며, 연방신협감독청이 신협이 적용해야 할 회계기준을 결정하는데, 법인신협과 대규모 일반신협은 FASB가 제정한 GAAP를 적용하도록 하고, 소규모신협은 연방신협감독청이 회계편람을 만들어 따르도록 한다. 어느 경우든 조합원출자금은 자본으로 분류되지 않으며, 규제자본비율 계산 시에도 자본으로 간주되지 않는다. 국제회계기준이나 바젤기준을 적용하든 하지 않든, 금융위기나 재정위기를 겪고 규제감독이 강화되면서 신협출자금에 대한 회계와 자본규제 방식은 유사한 방향으로 나아가는 경향을 보인다.
Abstract
This paper explored the accounting and capital regulations of credit unions in Spain and the US. Spain’s three credit cooperative groups should prepare their consolidated financial statements according to EU-IFRS, and individual credit cooperatives should follow accounting standards issued by the Bank of Spain, which are not so different from EU-IFRS. Spain revised the credit cooperative law to make credit cooperatives’ member shares eligible for equity under EU-IFRS and thus count as common equity Tier 1 capital in the regulatory prudential capital ratio. Meanwhile, credit unions in the US do not prepare consolidated financial statements because of restrictions on investment in subsidiaries. The NCUA determines the accounting standards that credit unions must follow; corporate and large-scale natural person credit unions must adhere to US GAAP made by the FASB, while small-scale natural person credit unions must follow NCUA- issued accounting rules. In any case, member shares are not reported as equity on financial statements or considered equity in the regulatory capital ratio. As prudential regulations tightened after financial or fiscal crises, accounting for member shares became similar regardless of the introduction of IFRS or Basel standards.
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