조선시대 호남지역 향약 운영의 특성과 성격 -향교 및 서원 사례를 중심으로-

Abstract

This study aims to clarify the relationship between hyanggyo (鄕校, local public school) and seowon (書院, local private academy), which were educational institutions of rural society, in relation to hyangyak (鄕約, village covenant) and gye (契, mutual savings guild) implemented in the Jeolla-do region during the Joseon Dynasty. Hyanggyo and seowon existed in various ways in each region as educational institutions of rural society. In particular, they consisted of a shrine for performing ritual rites, a lecture hall for education, and a dormitory, and had buildings and layouts that were advantageous for implementing various rites related to hyangyak. In particular, hyanggyo was utilized as a center for activities of the literati classes in the Jeolla-do region since the 17th century. As seowons were established under the leadership of clans and schools, they tended to apply hyangyak cases in the organization of hyangyak itself or in some rites. In particular, hyanggyo functioned as a center for implementing hyangyak led by local officials. According to the Bominhyangyak (保民鄕約) implemented in Jeollanam-do in 1902, a high relationship with hyanggyo can be confirmed not only in rites including hyangeumjurye (鄕飮酒禮, district ceremony of libation), but also in the organizations and officers that operated hyangyak. This is because hyanggyo was mostly located in the center of each region, and hyangyak was implemented at the local level, so hyanggyo was an appropriate place to implement hyangyak. In addition, when separate expenses such as Ceremonial Offering of Libation to Confucius were required, a separate donation organization was formed in hanggyo. In seowon, hyangyak rites such as gangseuprye (講習禮, ceremonial procedures during lectures) and hyangeumjurye were generally combined with seowon rites or lectures rather than being implemented directly. Seowongye (書院契, mutual savings in seowon) was operated in a form similar to donggye (洞契, mutual savings in village). Seowongye was generally operated for the purpose of providing assistance related to major and minor events of seowon such as restoration and ritual rites. There are differences when comparing the number of people in donggye implemented in the same region and the members of seowon. Relatively, the number of people registered as members of seowon was widely distributed throughout Jeolla-do.