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강화의 분배 방법이 과제의 난이도에 따라 지적장애 아동의 수행 및 선호도에 미치는 효과 비교

The Effects of Reinforcer Distribution on Performance and Preference of Children with Intellectual Disabilities According to Different Levels of Task Difficulty

정경미|진동주
한국행동분석학회 (Korean Association for Behavior Analysis)|2021.04|행동분석ㆍ지원연구 (Journal of Behavior Analysis and Support)|제8권 제1호|pp. 161-181|DOI 10.22874/kaba.2021.8.1.161

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키워드

지적장애시각 작업기억과제 난이도누적 강화분산 강화Intellectual disabilityDistributed reinforcementAccumulated reinforcementVisuospatial working memoryTask difficulty

초록

지적장애를 대상으로 강화의 분배 방법에 따른 훈련의 효과를 조사한 선행연구는 과제의 난이도와 참가자 특성을 통제하지 못했다는 점에서 제한된다. 본 연구는 만 7세 이상 13세 미만의 지적장애를 가진 아동을 대상으로 분산과 누적 강화의 효과가 과제의 난이도 수준에 따라 달라지는지 조사하였다. 이를 위해, 선정 기준을 충족한 77명의 지적장애 아동을 대상으로 네 개 조건(쉬운 과제에서의 분산 강화와 누적 강화, 어려운 과제에서의 분산 강화와 누적 강화)에서의 시각 작업기억 과제의 수행(정답률, 분당 응답수, 분당 정답수)과 선호도(3점 척도 자기 보고, 강화 조건 선택 비율)를 비교하였다. 연구 결과, 쉬운 과제에서는 강화 조건에 따른 수행의 차이가 나타나지 않았으며, 어려운 과제에서는 누적 강화 조건에서의 분당 응답수 및 분당 정답수가 유의미하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 선호도의 경우 네 개 조건에서의 차이가 유의미하지 않았다. 이와 같은 결과는 누적 강화 조건에서 지적장애 아동이 과제를 효율적으로 수행하며, 이러한 차이는 과제의 난이도가 높을 때에만 유의함을 시사한다.

Abstract

The effectiveness of accumulated reinforcement on participants with developmental disabilities has been emphasized over distributed reinforcement, but the generalized effect of accumulated reinforcement is hampered in part by lack of controlling task or participant characteristics. The present study evaluated if the performance of, and preference for distributed and accumulated reinforcement were different between two task difficulties of a visuospatial working memory task. Participants were children with intellectual disabilities who were between 7 and 13 years old. 77 participants conducted four sets of visuospatial working memory task(distributed and accumulated reinforcement in an easy task, distributed and accumulated reinforcement in a difficult task). The performance was evaluated by accuracy rate, response rate per minute, and correct response rate per minute. Preference was evaluated by three-point likert scale and selection ratio between distributed and accumulated reinforcement. The increase of response rate per minute and correct response rate per minute in the accumulated reinforcement was greater than the distributed reinforcement for the difficult task, and there was no difference in preference. Findings in the current study suggest that children with intellectual disabilities performed more efficiently at accumulated reinforcement condition, which is only applicable to difficult task.

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