지적장애 및 자폐성 장애 아동 대상 과제 수행에 미치는 분산 강화와 누적 강화의 효과 비교
Comparing the Performances of Youth with Intellectual Disability and Autism Spectrum Disorder with a Distributed and an Accumulated Reinforcement
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지적 및 발달장애 집단을 대상으로 강화 분배의 효과를 비교한 연구들은 분산 강화에 비해 누적 강화가 효과적임을 보여주지만 사용한 과제의 난이도, 강화물의 종류, 참가자의 특성이 한정적이다. 본 연구는 만 7세 이상 11세 미만의 지적장애와 자폐성 장애 아동을 대상으로 음식 강화물을 이용한 분산 및 누적 강화가 난이도가 높은 과제의 수행에 미치는 효과를 비교하고, 이러한 효과가 진단 특성에 따라 상이한지 조사하였다. 참가자는 총 33명(지적장애 19명과 자폐성 장애 아동 14명)으로, 각 강화 조건 모두에서 시각 작업기억 과제를 수행하였고 종속변인은 정답률, 분당 정답 수, 분당 응답 수였다. 연구 결과, 누적 강화 조건에서 정답률과 분당 정답 수가 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 자폐성 장애 집단은 분산 강화에 비해 누적 강화 조건에서 유의하게 높은 정답률을 보였으나, 지적장애 집단은 조건 간 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 지적장애와 자폐성 장애 아동은 누적 강화 조건에서 높은 수행을 보이며, 자폐성 장애의 특성이 누적 강화의 효과와 특히 관련이 있을 가능성에 대해 시사한다.
Abstract
Previous studies comparing the effectiveness of the distributed and accumulated reinforcement on the intellectual and developmental disability concluded that accumulated reinforcement is more effective. However, the task difficulty, types of reinforcer, and participants’ characteristics of previous studies were limited. The present study compared the effectiveness of distributed and accumulated reinforcement on the difficult task using food reinforcer and examined whether theses effects depend on participants’ diagnostic characteristics. A total of 33 participants(19 intellectual disability and 14 autism spectrum disorder(ASD)) conducted the visuospatial working memory task under both reinforcement conditions. The dependent variables were accuracy rate, correct response per minute, response per minute. The results showed that the accuracy rate and correct response per minute were significantly higher in the accumulated reinforcement. In addition, the ASD group showed a significantly higher accuracy rate in accumulated reinforcement than distributed reinforcement, but the intellectual disability group showed no differences between conditions. These results suggest that children with intellectual disability and ASD show a better performance under the accumulated reinforcement, and the characteristics of ASD are relevant to the effects of accumulated reinforcement.
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