일상생활의 영역에서 바라 본 1920년대 러시아 농촌에서의 신 여성형 창조
Creation of ‘New Soviet Peasant Women’ in the Sphere of Everyday Lives during the 1920s
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본 연구는 러시아 혁명 이후의 10년간의 시기를 중심으로 러시아 농촌지역에서의 새로운 여성상의 창출과정에서 나타난 문제점을 검토해 보려고 한다. 이는 지금까지의 소비에트 체제의 여성사 연구가 대도시의 선진적 여성노동자의 삶에 집중함으로써 농촌 여성들의 일상생활의 변화 정도를 구체적으로 드러내지 못했다는 문제의식에 기인한다. 그리하여 필자는 먼저 혁명정부가 농촌에 의도하였던 신 여성형의 구체적 모습이 무엇인지를 살펴보았다. 정부 기구였던 보건 인민위원부가 창출하려고 한 농촌의 ‘소비에트형 여성상’은 자녀 양육과 관련된 낡은 관습을 버리고 ‘근대적’이고 ‘과학적’인 자녀 양육을 실천하는 여성상이었다. 아울러 가정이라는 전통적인 영역에서 벗어나 콤소몰과 같은 정치조직을 통한 농촌에서의 의식각성을 위해 활동하는 여성이었다. 농촌의 일상생활에서 이러한 여성상 창출을 위한 장애물들은 적지 않았다. ‘과학적’이고 ‘위생적’ 양육환경을 강조하는 전문 의료인들은 농촌 여성들에게 이질적인 존재에 불과하였다. 그들과 오랜 동안 관계를 유지하고 있었던 산파가 대부분의 농촌 여성들에게 더 믿음직한 존재였다. 젊은 여성들의 정치적 각성을 위한 중요통로였던 콤소몰에 대해서도 기성세대들은 적지 않은 반감을 가지고 있었다. 그들의 눈에 그와 같은 조직은 농촌의 질서를 무너뜨리고 자신들의 자녀를 성적인 타락으로 이끄는 조직에 불과하였다. 사회주의 체제의 수립이라는 정치적 격변은 농촌 여성의 일상생활을 혁명적으로 변화시키지 못했다.
Abstract
This paper attempts to examine the conflicts and issues related to the creation of ‘New Soviet Peasant Women’ during the 1920s. This study also arises from the criticism of the historiography about the Soviet women which so far has not fully grasped the detailed reaction of peasant women on the transformation of their everyday lives. In the first part of the paper, I described the contents of ‘New Soviet Peasant Women’ that the Bolshevik government wanted to establish in rural districts. As the peasant women in everyday lives had the main responsibility to bring up children, the Commissar of Health emphasized the necessity of adopting a ‘scientific’ and ‘hygienic’ system of child rearing. It meant that the peasant women had to provide children with a sanitary environment and to refuse the help of traditional midwives in the country, babka, in order to decrease the mortality rate of children. Another view of new Soviet women was that they were freed from house chores and took part energetically in the enlightenment campaign of the country by joining organizations like Komsomol. It turned out to be difficult for peasant women to transform themselves as new Soviet women promoted by the Bolshevik government. First of all, a large portion of peasant women were not enthusiastic in changing their environment and methods related to child rearing. The teachings and advices suggested by doctors and nurses dressed in white gowns were not easily acceptable to peasants because those medical professions were regarded as ‘alien’ forces. Many peasant women were stuck with the customs and advices given by traditional midwives and their parents. Furthermore, the Soviet government was not equipped with sufficient financial resources to provide rural districts with modernized hospitals and doctors. Another obstacle to the transformation of everyday lives of peasant women was the hostile attitude of male peasants to the participation of females in organizations like Komsomol. Male activists were not strongly supportive to enlightenment activities of Komsomol in rural areas, because Komsomol members in their perspectives were spreading concepts which were harmful to traditional values of peasant society and corrupting their children. In addition, party members were reluctant to contribute to making ‘new Soviet peasant women’, because they considered it futile to spend time with transforming the most backward population in the Russian society. In short, the peasant women did not have their allies, neither on the inside nor on the outside of the peasant community. The political revolution did not guarantee the creation of new Soviet women who were to bring new mores and values into their everyday lives.
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