동맹의 공약 이행에 관한 국제법의 구속력 검토
Review of International Laws on Fulfillment of Alliance Commitment
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2024년 11월 미국의 대선은 주한미군 철수 등 한미동맹의 불안 요소로 작용하고 있다. 공식 조약인 한미상호방위조약은 미국의 방기를 얼마나 효과적으로 막을 수 있을까? 국제법은 방위조약을 통한 동맹의 공약 이행을 얼마나 구속력 있게 보장할 수 있을까? 위 질문에 답하기 위해 이 연구는 동맹의 공약 이행을 국제법의 관점에서 검토하였다. 국가는 동맹의 딜레마로 인해 동맹국의 지원은 받고자 하지만, 동맹국을 지원하는 것은 꺼리게 된다. 1969년 채택된 『조약법에 관한 비엔나 협약』은 국가 간 공약을 보장하는 역할을 하지만, 동시에 공약의 불이행을 정당화하는 명분 역시 제공한다. 불이행을 정당화하는 방법에는 유보와 해석선언을 통한 방법과 조약발동 사유 및 의무 조항을 활용하는 방법이 있다. 나아가 동맹 조약은 국가책임 측면에서도 배상이 어려움에 따라 그 한계가 분명하다. 실증적으로도 비엔나 협약 체결 이후 방어 동맹의 공약 불이행은 증가했다. 따라서 국제법은 동맹의 공약 이행을 보장하는 데 분명한 한계가 있으며, 정치적인 조건에 따른 동맹의 변화에 대비하는 것이 필요하다.
Abstract
The 2024 U.S. presidential election poses uncertainties for the ROK-US alliance, including the potential withdrawal of U.S. troops from ROK. How effectively can the official treaty, the ROK-US Mutual Defense Treaty, prevent abandonment by the US? To what extent can international law ensure the binding implementation of alliance commitments? To answer these questions, this study examines the alliance dilemma from an international law perspective. The alliance dilemma refers to a situation where a state seeks the support of its ally but is reluctant to provide reciprocal assistance. The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, adopted in 1969, plays a role in guaranteeing commitments between states, yet it also provides grounds for justifying non-fulfillment of such commitments. Justifications for non-fulfillment include methods such as reservations and interpretative declarations, as well as utilizing casus foederis and obligation clauses. Furthermore, alliance treaties face clear limitations in terms of state responsibility, as it is difficult to seek reparations for non-compliance. Empirically, the abandonment of defense alliances has increased since the conclusion of the Vienna Convention. Therefore, international law cannot guarantee the fulfillment of alliance commitments, and political conditions emerge as a key variable.
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