근대 초 영국의 여성 몸 담론 - 월경을 중심으로 -
Discourse on the Female Body in Early Modern England – Focusing on Attitudes to Menstruation -
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초록
본 연구의 목적은 근대 초 영국 여성의 몸에 대한 태도, 특히 월경에 대한 주요 담론들을 추적하는 것이다. 이를 통해 평범한 생리 현상이 역사적으로 문화적으로 어떻게 구성되었는지 탐구한다. 근대 초 영국에서 월경에 대한 종교와 민간전승, 의학 담론은 각 분야의 특성에 맞게 월경을 정의하면서 대체로 부정적인 태도를 공유했다. 이는 담론 생산자들이 거의 전부 남성인 탓일 수도, 아직은 여성 생리학에 대한 이해가 ‘덜’ 과학적인 탓일 수도 있다. 그러나 가장 중요한 이유는 여성 몸을 상징하는 월경이, 다름 아닌 여성의 지위를 고스란히 반영하기 때문일 것이다. 이에 종교와 민간전승, 의학 담론은 월경(혈)을 각각 저주, 마법적 힘, 몸의 찌꺼기로 규정하고 이런 해석을 통해 여성을 둘러싼 기존 통념을 뒷받침했다. 하지만 근대 초 여성은 이런 주류 담론에 짓눌리면서도 서로 월경 경험을 공유하며 여성만의 시각을 일정정도 가졌던 것으로 보인다. 월경이 질병이 아니라 자연스런 생리 과정임을 인식했고, 월경을 임신 가능성으로 여겨 긍정적으로 수용하기도 했다. 결국, 근대 초 월경에 대한 여러 태도는 월경에 대한 인식 변화가 여성 생리학의 진전만으로 이루어지는 것이 아님을 시사해준다. 곧 여성의 지위 그 자체의 변화가 반드시 수반되어야 한다는 점을 보여주는 것이다.
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to examine discourses on the female body, focusing on attitudes towards menstruation in early modern England. I traced how the ordinary physiological phenomenon was structured culturally and historically and how woman women in this period experienced menstruation. Religious views, medical explanations, and popular beliefs shared a generally negative attitude towards menstruation, though there were conflicting views also existed. They described menstruation as ‘a god’s curse’, ‘a magical power’, and ‘the impurities in the female body,’ respectively. This was because beliefs about the inferiority of women shaped ideas about menstruation, and beliefs about menstruation helped to reinforce the idea that women were inferior. After all, the fact that negative view of the menstruation, such as a taboo of silence, has not disappeared to this day demonstrates that there still remains a problem with the status and awareness of women. However, while accepting men’s negative attitudes towards menstruation, women seem to have had their own views on menstruation to the extent that they share menstrual experiences with one another in early modern England. They were aware that menstruation was not a disease but a natural physiological process, and they accepted menstruation positively as the high possibility of fertility. They also used the taboo for menstruation as an opportunity to have their own time and space, and reversely used the menstrual stimulant as needed. In conclusion, various attitudes toward menstruation in early modern England suggest that changes in understanding of menstruation was not solely due to development of female physiology. In other words, it shows that not only women’s own efforts but also changes in women’s status must be accompanied to this process.
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