칼리닌그라드와 모스크바: 내재적 관점에서 본 지방과 중앙
Kaliningrad and Moscow: the Local and Central from an Internal Perspective
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칼리닌그라드는 본국에서 떨어져 다른 나라들에 의해 둘러싸인 ‘고립영토’(exclave)이자, 현재 유럽대륙을 국가단위의 관점에서 볼 때 일종의 ‘소수집단 거주지’(enclave)이다. 고립영토는 한 국가의 (지리적) 연속성이라는 전통적 개념과 어긋나는 관계로 정치·경제적으로 불편한 문제들이 많이 나타난다. 또한 특별히 경제문제의 해결이 다른 ‘정상지역들’보다 훨씬 어렵다. 냉전 기간에 칼리닌그라드는 발틱해에 위치한 구 소련의 군사전진기지였다. 그러나 1991년 구 소련이 붕괴된 이후, 칼리닌그라드가 고립되면서 기본적 생존문제로부터 이 지역의 출입문제, 각종 정치·경제·사회적 문제, NATO와 유럽연합의 동부확대와 관련된 수많은 문제가 동시에 발생하였다. 칼리닌그라드는 여러 가지 측면에서 공간문제를 국내·외적으로 손쉽게 해결하기 어려운 복잡한 지역이다. 모스크바 당국은 칼리닌그라드에 대해 분명한 장기정책보다 우선 군사적 관점에서 시작하여 현상유지에 집중했다. 푸틴 대통령에 이르러 중앙에서 칼리닌그라드에 대한 통제를 보다 강화하는 방향으로 정책을 추진하고 있다. 모스크바 중앙정부는 칼리닌그라드가 단순히 특수지역이라는 이유만으로 각종 혜택이나 특별한 위상을 부여하기 어려운 점이 있다. 결국 칼리닌그라드는 최근 일부 지역만 관광지역으로 개방하는 조치를 제외하고, 여전히 외부인들에게는 접근이 차단된 일종의 ‘요새’(garrison)지역으로 남아있다. 칼리닌그라드는 분명히 러시아의 영토이자 충실한 대유럽연합 창구로서의 잠재력이 확실함에도, 이른바 ‘이중적 지방주의’(dual provincialism)으로 어려움을 겪고 있다. 현재와 같은 중앙정부의 대칼리닌그라드 정책은 긍정적 효과보다 부정적 결과가 더 클 것으로 전망된다. 따라서 칼리닌그라드 지역의 특수한 지정학적 위치와 환경요인은 어떤 식으로든 고려될 수 밖에 없고, 향후 암묵적으로라도 칼리닌그라드 지역에 일종의 지역적 독립성(regional autonomy)과 배타성(exclusivity)이 인정될 것으로 전망된다. 이러한 정책방향만이 현재 칼리닌그라드에 내재한 여러 문제점들, 높은 실업률, 조직범죄 및 부패, 공공보건의 낙후, 공해 그리고 낙후된 사회간접시설 등을 개선하고, 궁극적으로 또 하나의 ‘하와이모델’ 또는 ‘제2의 홍콩모델’로 나아가는 시발점이 될 수 있다.
Abstract
Being separated from its main territory, Kaliningrad is an ‘exclave’ surrounded by other neighbouring countries(Lithuania & Poland);yet simultaneously, from the viewpoint of the European continent as a single national unit, it is also an ‘enclave’. An exclave presents various inconvenient issues politically and economically as it contradicts to the traditional concept of a nation's (geographical) continuity. In addition, in particular, there is much difficulties to resolve economic struggles compared to other ‘normal areas’. During the Cold War, located in the Baltic Sea region, Kaliningrad was a military forward base that belonged to the former Soviet Union. However, the demise of the Soviet Union in 1991 led to the sudden isolation of Kaliningrad which gave rise to numerous problems ranging from basic survival issues to the question of access, an array of political, economical and social issues, and concerns related to NATO and the eastern enlargement of the European Union. In sum, Kaliningrad was a complex area faced with a Gordian knot. That is, internal and external territorial disputes. The Muscovite authorities initially focused on the military perspectives of Kaliningrad, rather than concrete long term policies for its individual development. Since President Putin, central authorities have pursued policies toward strengthening the control over Kaliningrad. Although Kaliningrad is a special isolated area, the Muscovite central government faces difficulties to allow assorted benefits and special status. In the end, with the exception of taking measure to partially open Kaliningrad as a tourist area, Kaliningrad still remains as a ‘garrison’ region with interrupted access. Despite evidently being a Russian territory and its definite potential as a window to the European Union, Kaliningrad faces the issues of ‘double provincialism’. Rather than anticipating positive effects, greater negative results are foreseen to the current policy towards Kaliningrad by the central government. Therefore, special geopolitical status and environmental factors of the Kaliningrad region should be considered. Futhermore, there is an implicit anticipation for Kaliningrad to be acknowledged with regional autonomy and exclusively. Only such policies may recuperate Kaliningrad’s inherent problems such as high unemployment, organized crime and corruption, underdeveloped public health, pollution and deteriorating infrastructure facilities; and ultimately serve as the another ‘Hawaiian Model’ or "the second Model of Hong Kong".
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