이계 홍량호의 고문론 연구

Abstract

Igye(耳溪) Hong Ryang-ho(洪良浩)(1724-1802) was a writer who belonged to Young Doctrine and was active during the reign of King Yeongjo and King Jeongjo. Hong Ryang-ho was a Gwan-gak Writer who studied under Jeochon Shim Yook and served as Yanggwandaejehak(兩館大提學), but left many writings through the practical writing of pragmatic statecraft. He pursued wide knowledge, seeking truth from facts, ranging from classical studies to Chinese characters to geography. He put the foundation of learning to classical writing(經術), and divided it into substance(體) and function(用). At the same time, he explained the principle of the nature(性理) as substance and political affairs(政事) as function, and stressed the need for a broad knowledge of history and literature to ensure substance and function to work smoothly. Behind his practical writing lies a unique theory of literature. Researchers have reviewed this in terms of literature, but this paper analyzed it in terms of his theory of ancient scripts. It was because Hong Ryang-ho was not just a prose writer, but a writer who pursued ancient style writing. He defined writing as reason attached to image and manifestation of the Way, and explained writing in a broad sense. He divided sages’ writings into two types: practicing the Way(行道) and propagating the Way(傳道), and advocated writing to express harmony through studies and to fulfill change of things. He declared that fine writing should universal truth, and pursued writing that could bring light to truth publicly in the world through deep learning. He also defined writing as process(經緯) and saw it as fine writing only when the way and the spirit was entangled. He diagnosed the flow of ancient scripts based on the way and the spirit, and found Six Classics as a model where the way and the spirit was entangled. He considered the writings of Qin/Han and Tang/Song Dynasties short of perfection of the way and the spirit. Therefore, he emphasized the cultivation of the spirit, saying that writing is impossible without the spirit as process(緯) despite appreciating the way as rule. He presented Great Spirit as a method of cultivating the spirit. Hong Ryang-ho saw the writings of the Former Qin and the Former Han most solid, based on the Six Classics. He criticized the writers of the Former Qin, the former Han, and Tang and Soong Dynasties based onacademic standards, giving Ga-ui the highest rating over Sima Qian. Hong Ryang-ho believed that Ga-ui had advocated ancient scripts of West Han, compiled the book 『"Gaja Su-eon』 and followed his writing. He regarded Ga-ui as the only scholar who had both talent and scholarship, also with both substance and function, and evaluated him as the best writer in the Seo Han Period. Hong Ryang-ho's theory of ancient scripts is characterized by a compromise between the literary theory of moral scholars and the theory of ancient script scholars of Qin and Han. This is a new theory of the practical writing of pragmatic statecraft, with the model of ancient scripts in Six Classics, away from the two main trends of ancient script scholars of Qin and Han, and Tang and Song.