明末浙江禅文化的盛况与儒教的应对―以静坐为中心－

Abstract

During the late Ming dynasty of China, an idea of three religions, including Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism amalgamated into one was prevalent in the Jiangnan area. Although the time faced a tragic scene of the replacement of the dynasty as confusion and division, conflict and confrontation reached the extremity, the ideological movement of harmony and cohesion unfolded in the academic world. Judging from the relationship between Confucianism and Buddhism, Buddhism had a significant impact on Confucian scholars in the Ming dynasty more than in other periods. This began from the Song dynasty, and Confucian philosophical terms and systems were greatly affected by Buddhism, generally. Especially, there was a big influence of the Zen sect, and Yangmingism, a faction of Neo-Confucianism established during the Ming dynasty, too, was affected by Buddhism. Liu Zongzhou who Confucian scholar Huang Zongxi, a Confucian scholar in the late Ming and early Qing dynasty admired as the greatest Confucian scholar in the Ming dynasty insisted on the Jingzuo method of Confucianism itself, which is a little different from Buddhism against that, under the spatio-temporal background like this. Jingzuo (Quiet sitting) is one of the Confucian methods of spiritual and physical training, which refers to calming one’s mind and realizing one’s nature, suggested by Neo-Confucian scholars in the Song dynasty. However, this Confucian Jingzuo method was affected by the sitting in Zen meditation of the Zen sect of Buddhism. The Zen sect, a school of Buddhism, was independently developed in the history of Buddhism in China. Therefore, this study investigated the aspects of the prevalence of the idea of three religions amalgamated into one during the late Ming dynasty of China and various Shanhui activities with the popularity of Zen culture in Zhejiang area in Chapter 1 of the body. Chapter 2 reviewed the characteristics of the sitting in Zen meditation of Buddhism and Jingzuo in Confucianism and the aspects of Confucian reaction to the popularity of the sitting in Zen meditation. Chapter 3 focused on Liu Zongzhou, a Confucian scholar in the late Ming dynasty as an example of Confucian reactions and investigated his Jingzuo method.