삼국시대의 군사제도

Abstract

The chief rulers of the three kingdom, Goguryo, Baekche, Shilla, were kings. The military of Goguryo could be moved only by the order of the king. If someone moved the military without the order of king, he was a rebel against the king. And the military of Goguryo were divided into two units, inner army(central army) and outer army(regional army) since the reign of Sindae (新大王). Inner army which stationed in Kinae(機內) took charge of guarding of kings and defending of the capital. The military power of outer army which stationed in regions was inferior to that of inner army. While the inner army were composed of professional soldiers and peasants who worked in fields and were enlisted by compulsory draft. The regional army were organized by three orders, 'Daesung(大城)-Jaesung(諸城)-Sung(城)'. The regional officials of each order were subjected to the higher ranking officials. Baekche was a small country subjected to Mahan in 1st century B.C.. It set up four districts in the reign of Onjo(溫祚王). The immigrants who included many soldiers were stationed in north-east districts to defend against the foreign enemies. The indigenous people who were composed of ex-Mahan people were stationed in west-south districts to devote themselves to farming. As central army and regional army in the reign of Goi(古爾王) were formed,the initial military system of Baekche was reorganized. As the change of administrative districts were carried out, from four districts system in early period to four districts in central and the institution of Damro(檐魯) in countries since the reign of Goi, then to four districts in central and the institution of 'Bang-Gun-Sung' in the countries in the period of Sabi, the military system of Baekche was reorganized. The division into the central army and regional army were carried out since the reign of Goi. While the central army were divided into five units, the regional army were divided into the army of Bang, Gun, Sung. Shilla was founded by the union of six districts in the region of Jinhan. While the army of each district were composed of about 1,000 persons in the early period, the numbers of soldiers were increased as the active conquest was carried out. The reason of increase of soldiers was supposed to the inclusion of conquered soldiers of small countries. In other words Shilla organized the conquered small countries into regional district, Gun(郡), and mobilized the army of Gun together with the soldiers of six districts. So the military system of Shilla was divided into inner army and outer army. While inner army were composed of the soldiers of six districts, outer army were composed of the soldiers of regional army. The organization of military in the period of Isagym(尼師今), which was operated on the basis of the institution of six units, was changed into the institution of two units. Then the institution of two units reorganized into single line of command in the period of middle archaic period. The King of Bupheung(法興王) reshuffled the system of two units in which the Maripgan(麻立干) and king of Galmoon(葛文王)co-managed the two units into the great king system in which the king command the whole soldiers of two units. Then the system of two units was reorganized into the Daedang(大幢).