직업적 사회이동과 정신장애 : 사회적 원인 및 사회적 선택 이론의 검증
Occupational Mobility and People with Psychiatric Disabilities : An Assessment of the Social Causation and Social Selection Hypotheses
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지난 수십 년 동안 사회과학자들은 사회이동에 관한 연구를 지속해 왔고, 사회가 지속되는 동안 개인에게 있어, 기회가 열린사회(open society)로 발전하는지 또는 그렇지 않은지를 규명하기 위해 노력해왔다. 그동안의 사회이동 연구에서 가장 유효한 결과의 하나는 정신장애의 유·무가 개인의 낮은 사회 계층적 지위를 설명해 줄 수 있는 중요한 변수이며, 세부적으로 사회적 원인(social causation)과 사회적 선택-표류(selection-drift)의 이론을 통하여 이러한 관계가 입증될 수 있다는 것이 밝혀져 오고 있다. 본 연구는 2005년 3월부터 12월까지 미국 뉴저지(New Jersey)주의 원스톱 고용안정센터(One-Stop Career Center)에서 직업을 찾기 원하는 정신장애인과 비장애인을 대상으로 하여, 각 집단의 사회이동과정을 비교·분석하였다. 연구 결과 정신 장애를 가지고 있지만 직업생활에 참여하고 있는 장애인의 사회이동 과정이 비장애인의 그것과 크게 다르지 않다는 것이 입증되었다. 이러한 분석결과는 기존의 연구와는 상반되는 것으로서, 사회이동 연구의 주 대상이었던 정신분열 및 상대적으로 중증이었던, 사회이동 연구 참여 정신 장애인의 '하향적 직업적 사회이동 경향성'으로부터 확대 재생산되어온 정신 장애인 전체에 대한 부정적인 인식을 일정정도 해소시켜줌과 동시에, 향후 재활 연구에 있어서도, 직업생활을 영위하고 있는 정신 장애인을 포함한 다양한 연구를 통한, 정신 장애 연구 전반의 균형적인 시각을 유지해야 할 필요성을 제시해주고 있다.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the social mobility theory of a sample of self-identified psychiatrically disabled individuals who have been active members of the labor force for most of their adult lives. This article examines a rarely studied cohort of persons with psychiatric disability, namely those that are in the labor force. Researchers indicate that people with psychiatric disabilities tend to come from lower socioeconomic status groups, and that the causal relationship between lower socioeconomic status and mental illness occurs through intergenerational or intra-generational downward mobility. The current study tested this assumption by comparing the social mobility patterns of the working ill to the working well, defining as persons without psychiatric disabilities. That is, Does the social selection or the social drift hypotheses apply to the social mobility patterns of the working ill and if so, does it apply deferentially to the working ill as compared to the working well, or persons without psychiatric disabilities? Using paired samples t-test and a chi-square test, it was revealed that the social class distribution for fathers of the working well was not different from that of the working well and also there was no significant social mobility difference between the working ill and the working well. As a result, these findings did not support the social causation, the social selection, and social drift hypotheses. The results of the study challenge several myths, biases and prejudices with respect to persons with psychiatric disabilities. That is, the findings strongly demonstrate that a sizeable percentage of persons with significant psychiatric problems, namely those that participate actively in the workforce do not differ significantly in regards to their occupational social mobility process.
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