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아프리카의 ‘빈곤 감소 관광’ 실패 요인 : 잔지바르 사례연구

Why 'Pro-poor tourism' fails in Africa : A case study on Zanzibar

김성수|권영승
한국정치사회연구소 (Korea Institute of Politics and Society)|2024.04|한국과 국제사회 (Korea and Global Affairs)|제8권 제2호|pp. 859-887|DOI 10.22718/kga.2024.8.2.033

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키워드

Africa아프리카지대추구Rent-Seeking잔지바르탄자니아ZanzibarTanzania빈곤 감소 관광Pro-Poor Tourism
주제분류학제간연구

초록

관광산업은 개발도상국에게 중요한 수입원이자 빈곤을 극복할 수 있는 수단으로 인식된다. 하지만 최근 아프리카의 여러 국가들은 괄목할 만한 관광업의 성장을 달성하였음에도 지역의 빈곤 감소 효과로 이어지지 못하고 있다. 본 연구는 관광산업의 행위자인 아프리카 정부에서 나타나는 정치경제적 특성에 주목하였다. 아프리카 국가들은 독립 이후 현재까지 비공식적 정치체제를 통한 위계적 지대추구가 만연해 왔다. 이러한 특수성은 관광산업에도 직접적인 영향력을 행사하고 있으며, 지역 주민에 대한 수혜가 미미하여 빈곤 완화에 부정적인 영향을 끼친다. 본 연구는 이러한 특징이 나타나는 지역으로 탄자니아의 잔지바르를 선정하였다. 잔지바르는 외연적인 관광산업의 성장에도 불구하고 지역 사회에 대한 혜택은 매우 제한적으로 이루어졌다. 현지인이 아닌 외국인에게 많은 일자리가 제공되었으며, 지대추구와 연계된 사적 이익의 극대화와 부패는 수입을 감소시키고 지역 사회와의 갈등을 초래하였다. 본 연구는 탄자니아 및 잔지바르 정부의 관광정책과 제도가 어떻게 빈곤 감소를 저해하였는지 살펴보고, 관광산업에 상당 부분을 의존하고 있는 아프리카 국가들이 ‘빈곤 감소 관광’으로 이행하기 위한 교훈 및 시사점을 고찰하였다.

Abstract

Tourism is recognized as an important source of revenue for developing countries and a means to overcome poverty. However, in recent years, African countries have experienced remarkable tourism growth that has not translated into poverty reduction in the region. This study focuses on the political and economic characteristics of African governments as actors in the tourism industry. African countries have been characterized by rent-seeking through informal political systems. This characteristic has a direct impact on the tourism industry and has a negative impact on poverty alleviation, as the benefits to the local population are minimal. This study focuses on Zanzibar, Tanzania, as an example of this characteristic. Zanzibar has seen the growth of an externalized tourism industry with very limited benefits to local communities. Many jobs have been provided to foreigners, and corruption linked to land grabbing have reduced revenues and led to conflict with local communities. This study examines how the tourism policies and institutions of the governments of Tanzania and Zanzibar have undermined poverty reduction, and considers lessons and implications for African countries that rely heavily on tourism to move towards 'Pro-Poor Tourism'.

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