성녀에서 귀부인으로: 음악의 수호성인 체칠리아의 모습을 한 초상화
From Saint to Lady: Allegorical Portraits of Women as Cecilia, the Patron Saint of Music
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본 논문은 여성의 초상화에 나타난 성녀 체칠리아의 이미지 분석이다. 초기 기독교의 순교자로 알려진 성녀 체칠리아가 음악의 수호성인으로 추앙을 받게 된 데에는 수많은 화가들이 남긴 회화가 큰 역할을 했다. 체칠리아는 결혼을 했지만 평생 순결을 지켰고 귀족 출신으로 미모와 교양을 갖춘 신앙심 높은 여성이었다. 초상화에 나타난 성녀 체칠리아의 이미지는 상류층 여성뿐만 아니라 당시 화가나 음악가 등 경제적 부나 교양 면에서 열세였던 여성들의 사회적 지위를 돋보이게 해주는 역할을 했다. 성녀 체칠리아로 분장한 초상화가 일반 초상화와 다른 점은 아마추어 악기로 어울리지 않는 오르간과 하늘과 지상을 오가며 노래하는 천사가 등장한다는 사실이다. 여주인공의 시선이 하늘을 향하고 있고 하늘에서는 한 줄기 빛이 내려온다. 천상과 지상 사이에 놓인 구름은 초상화의 여주인공을 실내 공간으로부터 해방시켜 가정이라는 굴레에서 벗어나게 하는 장치다. 성녀 체칠리아의 이미지는 소포니스바 앙귀솔라, 라비니아 폰타나, 아르테미시아 겐틸레스키 같은 여성 화가의 자화상은 물론 몽테스팡 부인, 맹트농 부인, 엘리자베스 크롬웰 부인, 리처드 크라우닌실드 더비 부인 등 귀부인의 초상화에 등장한다. 라파엘로, 루벤스, 가브리엘 메추가 그린 성녀 체칠리아 회화의 실제 모델은 화가의 부인 또는 애인이었다. 초상화라는 제목을 내걸진 않았지만 사실상 실존 여성의 초상화였다. 바르바라 스트로치, 빌링턴 부인, 세리던 부인, 마리아 린리, 해밀튼 부인, 작곡가 파니 헨젤, 소프라노 주디타 파스타 등도 성녀 체칠리아의 모습으로 포즈를 취한 초상화의 주인공이다.
Abstract
This article explores what made women in their portraits pose as St. Cecilia, the patron saint of music who was early Christian martyr. The virtues of Lady such as chastity, nobility, beauty, independence, high cultivation and power of self-control upon their body flattered the status of upper classes. They also were used to present the image of women like painters and musicians, who were less favoured by wealth or breeding, and helped them to be socially acceptable. Most distinctive feature in Cecilian portraits is angels between heaven and musical instruments such as organ, harp and clavichord. The sitter's gaze up somewhere beyond the top left-hand corner of the painting and the illumination of her face by an unseen source of light also remind us St. Cecilia. Paintings of St. Cecilia resurrected in the portraits of ladies as a secular genre. Sofonisba Anguisola, Lavinia Fontana, and Artemisia Gentileschi posed as St. Cecilia in their self-portraits. The models in St. Cecilia paintings by Raphael, Peter Rubens and Gabriel Metsu were painter's wife or mistress. In addition, the noble ladies like Mmes. Montespan and Maintenon, Lady Elizabeth Cromwell and Mrs. Richard Crowninshield Derby had their portraits in the guise of St. Cecilia. Female musicians like Barbara Strozzi, Mrs. Billington and Mrs. Sheridan, Maria Linley, Lady Hamilton, Fanny Hensel and Juditta Pasta were depicted in the role of St. Cecilia.
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