성스러운 유방: 14세기 이탈리아의 ‘수유하는 마리아(Maria Lactans)’
The Holy Breast: Maria Lactans in the fourteenth-century Italy
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14세기 이탈리아, 특히 피렌체와 시에나를 중심으로 한 토스카나 지방에서는 <수유하는 마리아(Maria Lactans)> 이미지가 증가한다. 이 글은 <수유하는 마리아>의 기원, 14세기의 증가원인, 그리고 그 신학적 의미를 다루었다. 연구자가 주목한 것은 해부학적 위치와 거리가 먼 오브제처럼 표현된 마리아의 유방으로, 이는 마리아의 동정성을 부각시키는 동시에 현실의 여성신체를 초월하는 다양한 메타포를 지닌 ‘성스러운 유방’이다.
Abstract
This essay discusses the theological meaning of Maria Lactans image and the cause of its increasing production as altarpieces in Tuscany region in the 14th century. The origin of Maria Lactans in Christian Art is traced back to Isis Lactans in Egypt, which symbolized eternal life, and Kourotrophos in Greece, which symbolized motherhood and infant caring. The breast-feeding image of Mary in the early third-century catacomb developed into an icon called Galaktotrophousa in the Byzantine art. Typically represented in the fourteenth-century Italy was the figure of Mary seated on the ground without a throne, thus combining Maria Humility and Maria Lactans. The rapid increasing in this type’s production was the result of the contemporary social anxiety caused by plague and famine, and reflected the deficiency of breast feeding and infant caring. The author especially focuses on the specific images of Maria Lactans, in which the breast of Mary was represented as a symbolic fruit and the milk from Maria’s breast was interpreted as a gift from God, thus making a metaphor of salvation and divine care. The breastfed Christ Child turned His head to visitors in this type of paintings, and provided an intimate communication with believers. And the body of Christ Child, symbolizing the Host, was often referred to as ‘holy milk.’ In this sense, the breast of Mary in Maria Lactans represented the holy breast, which transcended the contemporary negative notion of female body.
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