산전 선별검사의 해석
Interpretation of antenatal screening methods
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초록
태아 홑배수체의 확진을 위해서는 융모막생검이나 양수검사, 탯줄천자와 같은 진단과정이 필요하다. 그러나 이 경우 태아유산과 같은 합병증 발생 위험이 있기 때문에 위양성률을 줄이면서 진단율을 높일 수 있는 효과적인 선별검사의 개발이 매우 중요하다. 염색체이상을 선별하기 위한 산전검사는 모체혈청표지자검사와 초음파검사로 분류할 수 있다. 모체혈청표지자검사에는 임신 제2삼분기의 다중표지자검사뿐만 아니라 임신 제1삼분기에 목덜미투명대 두께와 혈청검사의 병행검사가 있다. 이외에도 제1삼분기와 제2삼분기의 혈청 표지자검사와 목덜미투명대 두께를 종합하여 다운증후군의 발견율을 높이는 방법들이 가능하다. 유전적초음파검사는 구조적 이상인 주기형과 초음파 표지자를 발견하는 과정으로 주로 임신 제2삼분기에 시행한다. 불필요한 침습적 진단방법을 줄이면서 태아 염색체이상 고위험군의 발견율을 높이기 위해서는 산모 연령, 임신 제1삼분기의 혈청검사, 목덜미투명대 두께, 임신 제2삼분기의 다중표지자검사 그리고 유전적초음파검사결과에 대한 정확한 해석 및 통합적인 고려가 중요하다.
Abstract
For definitive antenatal diagnosis of fetal aneuploidy, invasive tests such as chorionic villous sampling, amniocentesis and cordocentesis are required for chromosome analysis. However, to reduce the risk of miscarriage associated with procedural complications, it is important to detect pregnant women with high risk of fetal aneuploidy. Recently, there have been advances in maternal serum and sonographic markers for screening of chromosomal defects in the first and second trimester. The serum screening methods include first trimester screening with nuchal translucency and second trimester multi marker screening. Particularly, combining first and second trimester results can increase the detection rate of Down syndrome with lower false-positive rates. In addition to biochemical markers, second trimester sonogram to detect major and minor sonographic markers for chromosomal defects is important to identify the high risk pregnancy. To detect the fetal aneuploidy with high specificity and sensitivity, we need to interpret the maternal age, the results of first and second trimester serum markers and genetic sonographic findings all together.
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